You can use the `ToConstant` method which takes an already existing instance and registers it as singleton.

    var kernel = new StandardKernel();
    kernel.Bind&lt;MyClass&gt;().ToConstant(myClassInstance);

If you want to something more complex you can use the `ToMethod` (where you can use a Func to get your instance) combined with the `InSingletonScope`

    var kernel = new StandardKernel();
    kernel.Bind&lt;MyClass&gt;().ToMethod(context =&gt; myClassInstance).InSingletonScope();

I have an access file that I regularly need to copy to another directory, replacing the last version.
I would like to use an Excel macro to achieve this, and would also like to rename the file in the process.

       fileName = &quot;X:\Database\oldName.accdb&quot;
       copyDestination = &quot;Y:\dbstore\&quot;
       newName = &quot;newName.accdb&quot;

Is there an easy way of doing this?

VBA to copy a file from one directory to another

When I run karma on my webapp, I only get generic messages like tests passed - is there a way to get a list of passing tests? How do I get more verbose output? 

I cannot find this anywhere in the documentation.

How can I get a list of passing tests from karma runner suite?

Can anyone tell me if i can register an already created instance of a class with Ninject so that it will use this instance everytime it needs injecting?

I suppose you can call it a singleton but I have the instance already created. All the documentation points to creating new instances of a class.

Ninject: Registering an already created instance with Ninject?

<p>Can anyone tell me if i can register an already created instance of a class with Ninject so that it will use this instance everytime it needs injecting?</p>
<p>I suppose you can call it a singleton but I have the instance already created. All the documentation points to creating new instances of a class.</p>


I have been helping a few friends on a project and there is a class that uses Ninject. I am fairly new to C# and I have no idea what that class is doing, which is why I need to understand Ninject. Can anyone explain what Ninject is and when does one use it(with example if possible)? Or if you can point to some links that would be great too.

I tried this question: &lt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5239061/ninject-tutorials-documentations&gt; but it didn&#39;t really help a beginner like me. 

What is Ninject and when do you use it?

I&#39;m trying to implement a controller in AngularJS which is used across multiple pages. It makes use of some services. Some of them are loaded on all pages, some - not. I mean it is defined in different files, and these files are loaded independently. But if I do not load these services on all pages I got error:

    Error: Unknown provider: firstOtionalServiceProvider &lt;- firstOtionalService

So, I need to load scripts on all pages. Can I declare dependency as optional in Angular? E.g:

    myApp.controller(&#39;MyController&#39;, [&#39;$scope&#39;, &#39;firstRequiredService&#39;, &#39;secondRequiredService&#39;, &#39;optional:firstOptionalService&#39;, &#39;optional:secondOptionalService&#39;, function($scope, firstRequiredService, secondRequiredService, firstOptionalService, secondOptionalSerivce){

        // No need to check, as firstRequiredService must not be null
        firstRequiredService.alwaysDefined();

        // If the dependency is not resolved i want Angular to set null as argument and check
        if (firstOptionalService) {
            firstOptionalService.mayBeUndefinedSoCheckNull();
        }

    }]);



Optional dependencies in AngularJS

**My understanding:**

* A dependency is when an instance of ClassA requires an instance of ClassB to instantiate a new instance of ClassA.
* A dependency injection is when ClassA is passed an instance of ClassB, either through a parameter in ClassA&#39;s constructor or through a set~DependencyNameHere~(~DependencyNameHere~ $param) function. *(This is one of the areas I&#39;m not completely certain on)*. 
* An IoC container is a singleton Class(can only have 1 instance instantiated at any given time) where the specific way of instantiating objects of those class for this project can be registered. [Here&#39;s a link to an example of what I&#39;m trying to describe along with the class definition for the IoC container I&#39;ve been using](https://gist.github.com/echochamber/021bb0d59f272ac0f421#file-registering-a-mysqli-object)

So at this point is where I start trying use the IoC container for more complicated scenarios. As of now it seems in order to use the IoC container, I am limited to a has-a relationship for pretty much any class I want to create that has dependencies it wants to define in the IoC container. What if I want to create a class that inherits a class, but only if the parent class has been created in a specific way it was registered in the IoC container. 

So for example: I want to create a child class of mysqli, but I want to register this class in the IoC container to only instantiate with the parent class constructed in a way I&#39;ve previously registered in the IoC container. I cannot think of a way to do this without duplicating code (and since this is a learning project  I&#39;m trying to keep it as &#39;pure&#39; as possible). [Here are some more examples of what I am trying to describe.](https://gist.github.com/echochamber/021bb0d59f272ac0f421#file-inheritance-ioc)

**So here are some of my questions:**

* Is what I&#39;m trying to do above possible without breaking some principle of OOP? I know in c++ I could use dynamic memory and a copy constructor to accomplish it, but I haven&#39;t been able to find that sort of functionality in php. (I will admit that I have very little experience using any of the other magic methods besides __construct, but from reading and __clone if I understood correctly, I couldn&#39;t use in the constructor it to make the child class being instantiated a clone of an instance of the parent class).
* Where should all my dependency class definitions go in relation to the IoC? (Should my IoC.php just have a bunch of require_once(&#39;dependencyClassDefinition.php&#39;) at the top? My gut reaction is that there is a better way, but I haven&#39;t come up with one yet)
* What file should I be registering my objects in? Currently doing all the calls to IoC::register() in the IoC.php file after the class definition.
* Do I need to register a dependency in the IoC before I register a class that needs that dependency? Since I&#39;m not invoking the anonymous function until I actually instantiate an object registered in the IoC, I&#39;m guessing not, but its still a concern.
* Is there anything else I&#39;m overlooking that I should be doing or using? I&#39;m trying to take it one step at a time, but I also don&#39;t want to know that my code will be reusable and, most importantly, that somebody who knows nothing about my project can read it and understand it.

Understanding IoC Containers and Dependency Injection

I am totally confused about inject in Angular. I do not know where to use it and why. Is it only used with factory as [described here?][1]

    myController.$inject = [&#39;$scope&#39;,&#39;notify&#39;];

Here `notify` is the name of the factory.

  [1]: https://docs.angularjs.org/guide/di#factory-methods

I don&#39;t understand the use of $inject in controllers

I&#39;m reading  [http://www.alexrothenberg.com/2013/02/11/the-magic-behind-angularjs-dependency-injection.html][1] and
it turned out that angularjs dependency injection has problems if you minify your javascript
so I&#39;m wondering if instead of 

    var MyController = function($scope, $http) {
        $http.get(&#39;https://api.github.com/repos/angular/angular.js/commits&#39;)
          .then(function(response) {
            $scope.commits = response.data
          })
      }

you should use 

    var MyController = [&#39;$scope&#39;, &#39;$http&#39;, function($scope, $http) {
      $http.get(&#39;https://api.github.com/repos/angular/angular.js/commits&#39;)
        .then(function(response) {
          $scope.commits = response.data
        })
    }]


all in all I thought the second snippet was for the old version of angularjs but ....

Should I always use the inject way (the second one) ?

  [1]: http://www.alexrothenberg.com/2013/02/11/the-magic-behind-angularjs-dependency-injection.html

Angularjs minify best practice

It&#39;s a Web API 2 project.

When I implement DI using Ninject, I got an error message

An error occurred when trying to create a controller of type &#39;TokenController&#39;. Make sure that the controller has a parameterless public constructor.

    [assembly: OwinStartup(typeof(Web.Startup))]

    namespace Web
    {
        public partial class Startup
        {
            public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app)
            {
                ConfigureAuth(app);
                ConfigureWebApi(app);
            }
        }
    }

    public class TokenController : ApiController
    {

        private IUserService _userService;

        public TokenController(IUserService userService)
        {
            this._userService = userService;
        }

        [Route(&quot;api/Token&quot;)]
        public HttpResponseMessage PostToken(UserViewModel model)
        {
            if (_userService.ValidateUser(model.Account, model.Password))
            {
                ClaimsIdentity identity = new ClaimsIdentity(Startup.OAuthBearerOptions.AuthenticationType);
                identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, model.Account));
                AuthenticationTicket ticket = new AuthenticationTicket(identity, new AuthenticationProperties());
                var currentUtc = new SystemClock().UtcNow;
                ticket.Properties.IssuedUtc = currentUtc;
                ticket.Properties.ExpiresUtc = currentUtc.Add(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(30));
                return new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.OK)
                {
                    Content = new ObjectContent&lt;object&gt;(new
                    {
                        UserName = model.Account,
                        AccessToken = Startup.OAuthBearerOptions.AccessTokenFormat.Protect(ticket)
                    }, Configuration.Formatters.JsonFormatter)
                };
            }

            return new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest);
        }
    }

When I add `&lt;add key=&quot;owin:AutomaticAppStartup&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;` to web.config

Ninject works fine, 
but **Startup.OAuthBearerOptions.AccessTokenFormat** becomes to null

How to use DI container with OWIN?

**UPDATE**

Implement IDependencyResolver and use the WebAPI Dependency Resolver as below

    public void ConfigureWebApi(IAppBuilder app)
    {
        HttpConfiguration config = new HttpConfiguration();

        config.DependencyResolver = new NinjectDependencyResolver(NinjectWebCommon.CreateKernel());

        app.UseWebApi(config);
    }

[NinjectDependencyResolver](http://www.peterprovost.org/blog/2012/06/19/adding-ninject-to-web-api)

---

In Simple Injector case

    public void ConfigureWebApi(IAppBuilder app)
    {
        HttpConfiguration config = new HttpConfiguration();

        var container = new Container();
        container.Register&lt;IUserService, UserService&gt;();
        config.DependencyResolver = new SimpleInjectorWebApiDependencyResolver(container);

        app.UseWebApi(config);
    }

[SimpleInjectorWebApiDependencyResolver](http://simpleinjector.codeplex.com/wikipage?title=Web%20API%20Integration)

How to use DI container when OwinStartup

&lt;!-- language-all: lang-cs --&gt;

I have created a new MVC5 project with Web API 2, I then added the Ninject.MVC3 package from NuGet.

Constructor injection is working fine for the MVC5 controllers, but i am getting an error when trying to use it with the Web API Controllers.

&gt; An error occurred when trying to create a controller of type &#39;UserProfileController&#39;. Make sure that the controller has a parameterless public constructor.

Constructor for working MVC5 controller:

    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        private IMailService _mail;
        private IRepository _repo;

        public HomeController(IMailService mail, IRepository repo)
        {
            _mail = mail;
            _repo = repo;
        }
    }


Constructor for non-working Web API Controller:

    public class UserProfileController : ApiController
    {
        private IRepository _repo;

        public UserProfileController(IRepository repo)
        {
            _repo = repo;
        }
    }

Below is the full NinjectWebCommon.cs file:


    [assembly: WebActivator.PreApplicationStartMethod(typeof(DatingSite.App_Start.NinjectWebCommon), &quot;Start&quot;)]
    [assembly: WebActivator.ApplicationShutdownMethodAttribute(typeof(DatingSite.App_Start.NinjectWebCommon), &quot;Stop&quot;)]

    namespace DatingSite.App_Start
    {
    using System;
    using System.Web;

    using Microsoft.Web.Infrastructure.DynamicModuleHelper;

    using Ninject;
    using Ninject.Web.Common;
    using DatingSite.Services;
    using DatingSite.Data;

    public static class NinjectWebCommon
    {
        private static readonly Bootstrapper bootstrapper = new Bootstrapper();

        /// &lt;summary&gt;
        /// Starts the application
        /// &lt;/summary&gt;
        public static void Start()
        {
            DynamicModuleUtility.RegisterModule(typeof(OnePerRequestHttpModule));
            DynamicModuleUtility.RegisterModule(typeof(NinjectHttpModule));
            bootstrapper.Initialize(CreateKernel);
        }

        /// &lt;summary&gt;
        /// Stops the application.
        /// &lt;/summary&gt;
        public static void Stop()
        {
            bootstrapper.ShutDown();
        }

        /// &lt;summary&gt;
        /// Creates the kernel that will manage your application.
        /// &lt;/summary&gt;
        /// &lt;returns&gt;The created kernel.&lt;/returns&gt;
        private static IKernel CreateKernel()
        {
            var kernel = new StandardKernel();
            kernel.Bind&lt;Func&lt;IKernel&gt;&gt;().ToMethod(ctx =&gt; () =&gt; new Bootstrapper().Kernel);
            kernel.Bind&lt;IHttpModule&gt;().To&lt;HttpApplicationInitializationHttpModule&gt;();

            RegisterServices(kernel);
            return kernel;
        }

        /// &lt;summary&gt;
        /// Load your modules or register your services here!
        /// &lt;/summary&gt;
        /// &lt;param name=&quot;kernel&quot;&gt;The kernel.&lt;/param&gt;
        private static void RegisterServices(IKernel kernel)
        {
    #if DEBUG
            kernel.Bind&lt;IMailService&gt;().To&lt;MockMailService&gt;().InRequestScope();

    #else
            kernel.Bind&lt;IMailService&gt;().To&lt;MailService&gt;().InRequestScope();
    #endif
            kernel.Bind&lt;SiteContext&gt;().To&lt;SiteContext&gt;().InRequestScope();
            kernel.Bind&lt;IRepository&gt;().To&lt;Repository&gt;().InRequestScope();
        }
    }
    }



MVC5, Web API 2 and Ninject

My question is a bit related to this: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23395632/webapi-equivalent-for-httpcontext-items-with-dependency-injection. 

*We want to inject a class using HttpContext.Current in WebApi area using Ninject.*

My concern is, this could be **very dangerous**, as in WebApi (*everything?*) is async.

Please correct me if I am wrong in these points, this is what I investigated so far:

1. HttpContext.Current gets the current context by Thread (I looked into the implementation directly).

2. Using HttpContext.Current inside of async Task is not possible, because it can run on another Thread.

3. WebApi uses IHttpController with method `Task&lt;HttpResponseMessage&gt; ExecuteAsync` =&gt; every request is async =&gt; you cannot use HttpContext.Current inside of action method. It could even happen, more Request are executed on the same thread by coicidence.

4. For creating controllers with injected stuff into constructors `IHttpControllerActivator` is used with **sync** method `IHttpController Create`. This is, where ninject creates Controller with all its dependencies.

---

- If I am correct in all of these 4 points, using of `HttpContext.Current` inside of an action method or any layer below is very dangerous and can have unexpected results. I saw on StackOverflow lot of accepted answers suggesting exactly this. In my opinion this can work for a while, but will fail under load.

- But when using DI to create a Controller and its dependencies, it is Ok, because this runs on one separated thread. **I could get a value from the HttpContext in the constructor and it would be safe?**. I wonder if each Controller is created on single thread for every request, as this could cause problem under heavy loads, where all threads from IIS could be consumed.

*Just to explain why I want to inject HttpContext stuff:*

  - one solution would be to get the request in controller action method and pass the needed value all the layers as param until its used somewhere deep in the code.
  - our wanted solution: all the layers between are not affected by this, and we can use the injected request somewhere deep in code (e.g. in some `ConfigurationProvider` which is dependent on URL)
  
  
 Please give me your opinion if I am totally wrong or my suggestions are correct, as this theme seems to be very complicated.

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Martin	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Dependency Injection	nemesv	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Ninject: Registering an already created instance with Ninject?

Dependency Injection Problem Overview

Dependency Injection Solutions

Solution 1 - Dependency Injection

How can I get a list of passing tests from karma runner suite?

VBA to copy a file from one directory to another

Attributions