In Python 3.x, use `int` instead of `long`.

From [What’s New In Python 3.0, Integers][1]:

&gt; * [PEP 237][2]: Essentially, `long` renamed to `int`. That is, there is only one built-in integral type, named `int`; but it behaves mostly
&gt; like the old `long` type.


  [1]: https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.0.html#integers
  [2]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0237

[From here][1]

&gt; Essentially, string uses the UTF-16 character encoding form

But when saving vs [StreamWriter][2] : 

&gt; This constructor creates a StreamWriter with UTF-8 encoding without a
&gt; Byte-Order Mark (BOM),


I&#39;ve seen this sample (broken link removed):

![enter image description here][4]

And it looks like `utf8` is smaller for some strings while `utf-16` is smaller in some other strings.

* So why does .net use `utf16` as default encoding for string and `utf8` for saving files? 

Thank you.

*p.s. Ive already read [the famous article][5]*


  [1]: http://csharpindepth.com/Articles/General/strings.aspx
  [2]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/wtbhzte9.aspx
  [4]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/QYDgv.jpg
  [5]: http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html

Why does .net use the UTF16 encoding for string, but uses UTF-8 as default for saving files?

In Objective-C I often use `__typeof__(obj)` when dealing with blocks etc. Why not `__typeof(obj)` or `typeof(obj)`.

When to use which?


Difference between typeof, __typeof and __typeof__ in Objective-C

I have a Python version 3.3.0 and I am not sure why it does not let me do long for b and m here...
I tried to look up the answers on here and but nothing helped...thanks

im getting an error saying

    NameError: global name &#39;long&#39; is not defined


    power = long(b) % long(m)
    
    

NameError: global name &#39;long&#39; is not defined

I have a Python version 3.3.0 and I am not sure why it does not let me do long for b and m here...
I tried to look up the answers on here and but nothing helped...thanks
im getting an error saying
<pre><code class="hljs language-csharp">NameError: global name 'long' is not defined


power = long(b) % long(m)

</code></pre>

Recently I started using Python3 and it&#39;s lack of `xrange` hurts.

Simple example:

1. Python2:

       from time import time as t
       def count():
         st = t()
         [x for x in xrange(10000000) if x%4 == 0]
         et = t()
         print et-st
       count()

2. Python3:

       from time import time as t
    
       def xrange(x):
    
           return iter(range(x))
    
       def count():
           st = t()
           [x for x in xrange(10000000) if x%4 == 0]
           et = t()
           print (et-st)
       count()

The results are, respectively:
1. `1.53888392448`
2. `3.215819835662842`

Why is that? I mean, why `xrange` has been removed? It&#39;s such a great tool to learn. For the beginners, just like myself, like we all were at some point. Why remove it? Can somebody point me to the proper PEP, I can&#39;t find it.

Why is there no xrange function in Python3?

This is just a snippet of my code:

    print(&quot;Total score for %s is %s  &quot;, name, score)

But I want it to print out:

&gt; &quot;Total score for (name) is (score)&quot;

where `name` is a variable in a list and `score` is an integer. This is Python 3.3 if that helps at all.


Print multiple arguments in Python

I&#39;ve built an app for a game, simple to start. It&#39;s a game in which the system randomly chooses a number and a gamer (player) tries to find out the number. Everything is almost done. The app consists of a `QLineEdit`, a label and three buttons. Once the app tells the player the range of the wanted number, he/she types a *bet_number* and clicks on the play button. And according to this number he/she gets a message about how close or far the wanted number is away from the *bet_number*.

But I find it a little disgusting to click a button. Instead I want to use **Enter key** to play. So to achieve this, it comes down to specifically two questions:

1. How could one change to using Enter to play (I mean I need know when `QLineEdit` detects enter key is pressed)? In this way I&#39;ll code properly to point the play method.

2. If the play button&#39;s got the focus, how do you use enter key on this button? (make Button accept Enter key)


Detecting enter on a QLineEdit or QPushButton

There is a boolean optional argument to the `print()` function `flush` which defaults to False.

The documentation says it is to forcibly flush the stream.

I don&#39;t understand the concept of flushing. What is flushing here? What is flushing of stream?

What does print()&#39;s `flush` do?

In Python 3, one can format a string like:

    &quot;{0}, {1}, {2}&quot;.format(1, 2, 3)

But how to format bytes?

    b&quot;{0}, {1}, {2}&quot;.format(1, 2, 3)

raises `AttributeError: &#39;bytes&#39; object has no attribute &#39;format&#39;`.

If there is no `format` method for bytes, how to do the formatting or &quot;rewriting&quot; of bytes?

Python 3 bytes formatting

I was looking at some of the solutions in Google Code Jam and some people used this things that I had never seen before. For example,

    2LL*r+1LL

What does 2LL and 1LL mean?

Their includes look like this:

    #include &lt;math.h&gt;
    #include &lt;algorithm&gt;
    #define _USE_MATH_DEFINES

or 

    #include &lt;cmath&gt;



What is 1LL or 2LL in C and C++?

How can I get a long number bigger than Long.MAX_VALUE?

I want this method to return `true`:

    boolean isBiggerThanMaxLong(long val) {
        return (val &gt; Long.MAX_VALUE);
    }

A long bigger than Long.MAX_VALUE

I am transitioning from Java to C++ and have some questions about the `long` data type. In Java, to hold an integer greater than 2&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;, you would simply write `long x;`. However, in C++, it seems that `long` is both a data type and a modifier. 

There seems to be several ways to use `long`:

    long x;
    long long x;
    long int x;
    long long int x;

Also, it seems there are things such as:

    long double x;

and so on.

What is the difference between all of these various data types, and do they all have the same purpose?

What is the difference between &quot;long&quot;, &quot;long long&quot;, &quot;long int&quot;, and &quot;long long int&quot; in C++?

I&#39;m running Windows 8.1 x64 with Java 7 update 45 x64 (no 32 bit Java installed) on a Surface Pro 2 tablet.

The code below takes 1688ms when the type of i is a long and 109ms when i is an int. Why is long (a 64 bit type) an order of magnitude slower than int on a 64 bit platform with a 64 bit JVM?

My only speculation is that the CPU takes longer to add a 64 bit integer than a 32 bit one, but that seems unlikely. I suspect Haswell doesn&#39;t use ripple-carry adders.

I&#39;m running this in Eclipse Kepler SR1, btw.


    public class Main {
    
        private static long i = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {	
            System.out.println(&quot;Starting the loop&quot;);
            long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
            while(!decrementAndCheck()){
            }
            long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
            System.out.println(&quot;Finished the loop in &quot; + (endTime - startTime) + &quot;ms&quot;);
        }

        private static boolean decrementAndCheck() {
            return --i &lt; 0;
        }

    }


Edit: Here are the results from equivalent C++ code compiled by VS 2013 (below), same system. &lt;del&gt;long: 72265ms int: 74656ms&lt;/del&gt;  Those results were in debug 32 bit mode.

In 64 bit release mode: &lt;del&gt;long: 875ms&lt;/del&gt; long long:  906ms int: 1047ms


This suggests that the result I observed is JVM optimization weirdness rather than CPU limitations.




    #include &quot;stdafx.h&quot;
    #include &quot;iostream&quot;
    #include &quot;windows.h&quot;
    #include &quot;limits.h&quot;

    long long i = INT_MAX;

    using namespace std;


    boolean decrementAndCheck() {
	return --i &lt; 0;
    }


    int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
    {


	cout &lt;&lt; &quot;Starting the loop&quot; &lt;&lt; endl;

	unsigned long startTime = GetTickCount64();
	while (!decrementAndCheck()){
	}
	unsigned long endTime = GetTickCount64();

	cout &lt;&lt; &quot;Finished the loop in &quot; &lt;&lt; (endTime - startTime) &lt;&lt; &quot;ms&quot; &lt;&lt; endl;



    }


Edit: Just tried this again in Java 8 RTM, no significant change.

Why is long slower than int in x64 Java?

I have 3 very large signed integers.

    long x = long.MaxValue;
    long y = long.MaxValue - 1;
    long z = long.MaxValue - 2;

I want to calculate their truncated average. Expected average value is `long.MaxValue - 1`, which is `9223372036854775806`.

It is impossible to calculate it as:

    long avg = (x + y + z) / 3; // 3074457345618258600

Note: I read all those questions about average of 2 numbers, but I don&#39;t see how that technique can be applied to average of 3 numbers.

It would be very easy with the usage of `BigInteger`, but let&#39;s assume I cannot use it.

    BigInteger bx = new BigInteger(x);
    BigInteger by = new BigInteger(y);
    BigInteger bz = new BigInteger(z);
    BigInteger bavg = (bx + by + bz) / 3; // 9223372036854775806


If I convert to `double`, then, of course, I lose precision:

    double dx = x;
    double dy = y;
    double dz = z;
    double davg = (dx + dy + dz) / 3; // 9223372036854780000

If I convert to `decimal`, it works, but also let&#39;s assume that I cannot use it.

    decimal mx = x;
    decimal my = y;
    decimal mz = z;
    decimal mavg = (mx + my + mz) / 3; // 9223372036854775806

**Question:** Is there a way to calculate the truncated average of 3 very large integers only with the usage of `long` type? Don&#39;t consider that question as C#-specific, just it is easier for me to provide samples in C#.

Average of 3 long integers

When I run this code in python 2.7, I get this error:

    Traceback (most recent call last):
    File &quot;C:\Python26\Lib\site-packages\pyutilib.subprocess-3.5.4\setup.py&quot;, line 30, in &lt;module&gt;
        long_description = read(&#39;README.txt&#39;),
      File &quot;C:\Python26\Lib\site-packages\pyutilib.subprocess-3.5.4\setup.py&quot;, line 19, in read
        return open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), *rnames)).read()
    NameError: global name &#39;__file__&#39; is not defined

code is:

    import os
    from setuptools import setup
    
    
    def read(*rnames):
        return open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), *rnames)).read()
    
    
    setup(name=&quot;pyutilib.subprocess&quot;,
        version=&#39;3.5.4&#39;,
        maintainer=&#39;William E. Hart&#39;,
        maintainer_email=&#39;wehart@sandia.gov&#39;,
        url = &#39;https://software.sandia.gov/svn/public/pyutilib/pyutilib.subprocess&#39;,
        license = &#39;BSD&#39;,
        platforms = [&quot;any&quot;],
        description = &#39;PyUtilib utilites for managing subprocesses.&#39;,
        long_description = read(&#39;README.txt&#39;),
        classifiers = [
            &#39;Development Status :: 4 - Beta&#39;,
            &#39;Intended Audience :: End Users/Desktop&#39;,
            &#39;License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License&#39;,
            &#39;Natural Language :: English&#39;,
            &#39;Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows&#39;,
            &#39;Operating System :: Unix&#39;,
            &#39;Programming Language :: Python&#39;,
            &#39;Programming Language :: Unix Shell&#39;,
            &#39;Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Mathematics&#39;,
            &#39;Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules&#39;],
          packages=[&#39;pyutilib&#39;, &#39;pyutilib.subprocess&#39;, &#39;pyutilib.subprocess.tests&#39;],
          keywords=[&#39;utility&#39;],
          namespace_packages=[&#39;pyutilib&#39;],
          install_requires=[&#39;pyutilib.common&#39;, &#39;pyutilib.services&#39;]
          )





python NameError: global name &#39;__file__&#39; is not defined

I am trying to use a Python package called bidi. In a module in this package (algorithm.py) there are some lines that give me error, although it is part of the package.

Here are the lines:

    # utf-8 ? we need unicode
    if isinstance(unicode_or_str, unicode):
        text = unicode_or_str
        decoded = False
    else:
        text = unicode_or_str.decode(encoding)
        decoded = True

and here is the error message:

    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File &quot;&lt;pyshell#25&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
        bidi_text = get_display(reshaped_text)
      File &quot;C:\Python33\lib\site-packages\python_bidi-0.3.4-py3.3.egg\bidi\algorithm.py&quot;,   line 602, in get_display
        if isinstance(unicode_or_str, unicode):
    NameError: global name &#39;unicode&#39; is not defined

How should I re-write this part of the code so it works in Python3?
Also if anyone have used bidi package with Python 3 please let me know if they have found similar problems or not. I appreciate your help.


NameError: global name &#39;unicode&#39; is not defined - in Python 3

I am getting an error when I try to run this simple script:

    input_variable = input(&quot;Enter your name: &quot;)
    print(&quot;your name is&quot; + input_variable)
Let&#39;s say I type in &quot;dude&quot;, the error I am getting is:
```none
  line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
    input_variable = input(&quot;Enter your name: &quot;)
  File &quot;&lt;string&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
NameError: name &#39;dude&#39; is not defined
```

I am running Mac OS X 10.9.1 and I am using the Python Launcher app that came with the install of Python 3.3 to run the script.

input() error - NameError: name &#39;...&#39; is not defined

I&#39;m currently developing a website with the framework Django (I&#39;m very beginner), but I have a problem with Python: since I have created my templates, I can&#39;t run server anymore for this reason (the stack trace points to a line in file *urls.py*):

```
&lt;stacktrace&gt;
...
path(&#39;apppath/&#39;, include(&#39;myapp.urls&#39;)),
NameError: name &#39;include&#39; is not defined
```

Where can I import `include` from?





Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Manual	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python 3.x	Jon-Eric	View Answer on Stackoverflow

NameError: global name 'long' is not defined

Python 3.x Problem Overview

Python 3.x Solutions

Solution 1 - Python 3.x

Difference between typeof, typeof and typeof__ in Objective-C

Why does .net use the UTF16 encoding for string, but uses UTF-8 as default for saving files?

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