You have by default the [`static` endpoint][1] for static files. Also [`Flask`][2] application has the following arguments:

`static_url_path`: can be used to specify a different path for the static files on the web. Defaults to the name of the `static_folder` folder.

`static_folder`: the folder with static files that should be served at `static_url_path`. Defaults to the &#39;static&#39; folder in the root path of the application.

It means that the `filename` argument will take a relative path to your file in `static_folder` and convert it to a relative path combined with `static_url_default`:

    url_for(&#39;static&#39;, filename=&#39;path/to/file&#39;)

will convert the file path from `static_folder/path/to/file` to the url path `static_url_default/path/to/file`.

So if you want to get files from the `static/bootstrap` folder you use this code:

    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; type=&quot;text/css&quot; href=&quot;{{ url_for(&#39;static&#39;, filename=&#39;bootstrap/bootstrap.min.css&#39;) }}&quot;&gt;


Which will be converted to (using default settings):

    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; type=&quot;text/css&quot; href=&quot;static/bootstrap/bootstrap.min.css&quot;&gt;

Also look at [`url_for` documentation][3].


  [1]: http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/quickstart/#static-files
  [2]: http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/api/#flask.Flask
  [3]: http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/api/#flask.url_for

In my case I had special instruction into nginx configuration file:

    location ~ \.(js|css|png|jpg|gif|swf|ico|pdf|mov|fla|zip|rar)$ {
                try_files $uri =404;
        }

All clients have received &#39;404&#39; because nginx nothing known about Flask.

The primary configuration file is `/etc/nginx/nginx.conf` on Linux. It may be similar on Windows.

I am using node with express + mongoose and trying to use passport.js with restful api.   
I keep getting this exception after authentication success (I see the callback url on the browser):

    /Users/naorye/dev/naorye/myproj/node_modules/mongoose/lib/utils.js:419
            throw err;
                  ^
    Error: passport.initialize() middleware not in use
        at IncomingMessage.req.login.req.logIn (/Users/naorye/dev/naorye/myproj/node_modules/passport/lib/passport/http/request.js:30:30)
        at Context.module.exports.delegate.success (/Users/naorye/dev/naorye/myproj/node_modules/passport/lib/passport/middleware/authenticate.js:194:13)
        at Context.actions.success (/Users/naorye/dev/naorye/myproj/node_modules/passport/lib/passport/context/http/actions.js:21:25)
        at verified (/Users/naorye/dev/naorye/myproj/node_modules/passport-facebook/node_modules/passport-oauth/lib/passport-oauth/strategies/oauth2.js:133:18)
        at Promise.module.exports.passport.use.GitHubStrategy.clientID (/Users/naorye/dev/naorye/myproj/config/passport.js:91:24)
        at Promise.onResolve (/Users/naorye/dev/naorye/myproj/node_modules/mongoose/node_modules/mpromise/lib/promise.js:162:8)
        at Promise.EventEmitter.emit (events.js:96:17)
        at Promise.emit (/Users/naorye/dev/naorye/myproj/node_modules/mongoose/node_modules/mpromise/lib/promise.js:79:38)
        at Promise.fulfill (/Users/naorye/dev/naorye/myproj/node_modules/mongoose/node_modules/mpromise/lib/promise.js:92:20)
        at /Users/naorye/dev/naorye/myproj/node_modules/mongoose/lib/query.js:1822:13

I have read that I should put `app.use(passport.initialize());` and `app.use(passport.session());` before `app.use(app.router);` and this is what I did. Here is my express.js that registers the middlewares:

    var express = require(&#39;express&#39;),
        mongoStore = require(&#39;connect-mongo&#39;)(express),
        flash = require(&#39;connect-flash&#39;),
        helpers = require(&#39;view-helpers&#39;);
    
    module.exports = function (app, config, passport) {
        app.set(&#39;showStackError&#39;, true);
        // should be placed before express.static
        app.use(express.compress({
            filter: function (req, res) {
                return /json|text|javascript|css/.test(res.getHeader(&#39;Content-Type&#39;));
            },
            level: 9
        }));
        app.use(express.favicon());
        app.use(express.static(config.root + &#39;/public&#39;));
    
        app.use(express.logger(&#39;dev&#39;));
    
        // set views path, template engine and default layout
        app.set(&#39;views&#39;, config.root + &#39;/app/views&#39;);
        app.set(&#39;view engine&#39;, &#39;jade&#39;);
    
        app.configure(function () {
            // use passport session
            app.use(passport.initialize());
            app.use(passport.session());
    
            // dynamic helpers
            app.use(helpers(config.app.name));
    
            // cookieParser should be above session
            app.use(express.cookieParser());
    
            // bodyParser should be above methodOverride
            app.use(express.bodyParser());
            app.use(express.methodOverride());
    
            // express/mongo session storage
            app.use(express.session({
                secret: &#39;linkit&#39;,
                store: new mongoStore({
                    url: config.db,
                    collection : &#39;sessions&#39;
                })
            }));
    
            // connect flash for flash messages
            app.use(flash());
    
            // routes should be at the last
            app.use(app.router);
    
            // assume &quot;not found&quot; in the error msgs
            // is a 404. this is somewhat silly, but
            // valid, you can do whatever you like, set
            // properties, use instanceof etc.
            app.use(function(err, req, res, next){
                // treat as 404
                if (~err.message.indexOf(&#39;not found&#39;)) {
                    return next();
                }
    
                // log it
                console.error(err.stack);
    
                // error page
                res.status(500).render(&#39;500&#39;, { error: err.stack });
            });
    
            // assume 404 since no middleware responded
            app.use(function(req, res, next){
                res.status(404).render(&#39;404&#39;, {
                    url: req.originalUrl,
                    error: &#39;Not found&#39;
                });
            });
        });
    };

What is wrong?

**UPDATE**
According to @Peter Lyons I have changed the configurations order to the following, but I still got the same error:

    var express = require(&#39;express&#39;),
        mongoStore = require(&#39;connect-mongo&#39;)(express),
        flash = require(&#39;connect-flash&#39;),
        helpers = require(&#39;view-helpers&#39;);
    
    module.exports = function (app, config, passport) {
        app.set(&#39;showStackError&#39;, true);
        // should be placed before express.static
        app.use(express.compress({
            filter: function (req, res) {
                return /json|text|javascript|css/.test(res.getHeader(&#39;Content-Type&#39;));
            },
            level: 9
        }));
        app.use(express.favicon());
        app.use(express.static(config.root + &#39;/public&#39;));
    
        app.use(express.logger(&#39;dev&#39;));
    
        // set views path, template engine and default layout
        app.set(&#39;views&#39;, config.root + &#39;/app/views&#39;);
        app.set(&#39;view engine&#39;, &#39;jade&#39;);
    
        app.configure(function () {
    
            // dynamic helpers
            app.use(helpers(config.app.name));
    
            // cookieParser should be above session
            app.use(express.cookieParser());
    
            // bodyParser should be above methodOverride
            app.use(express.bodyParser());
            app.use(express.methodOverride());
    
            // express/mongo session storage
            app.use(express.session({
                secret: &#39;linkit&#39;,
                store: new mongoStore({
                    url: config.db,
                    collection : &#39;sessions&#39;
                })
            }));
    
            // connect flash for flash messages
            app.use(flash());
    
            // use passport session
            app.use(passport.initialize());
            app.use(passport.session());
    
            // routes should be at the last
            app.use(app.router);
    
            // assume &quot;not found&quot; in the error msgs
            // is a 404. this is somewhat silly, but
            // valid, you can do whatever you like, set
            // properties, use instanceof etc.
            app.use(function(err, req, res, next){
                // treat as 404
                if (~err.message.indexOf(&#39;not found&#39;)) {
                    return next();
                }
    
                // log it
                console.error(err.stack);
    
                // error page
                res.status(500).render(&#39;500&#39;, { error: err.stack });
            });
    
            // assume 404 since no middleware responded
            app.use(function(req, res, next){
                res.status(404).render(&#39;404&#39;, {
                    url: req.originalUrl,
                    error: &#39;Not found&#39;
                });
            });
        });
    };

passport.js passport.initialize() middleware not in use

I need to write file to the following path:
```js
fs.writeFile(&#39;/folder1/folder2/file.txt&#39;, &#39;content&#39;, function () {…});
```

But `&#39;/folder1/folder2&#39;` path may not exists. So I get the following error:

&gt; message=ENOENT, open /folder1/folder2/file.txt

How can I write content to that path?

How to write file if parent folder doesn&#39;t exist?

How do you use `url_for` in Flask to reference a file in a folder?  For example, I have some static files in the `static` folder, some of which may be in subfolders such as `static/bootstrap`.

When I try to serve a file from `static/bootstrap`, I get an error.

     &lt;link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=&quot;{{ url_for(&#39;static/bootstrap&#39;, filename=&#39;bootstrap.min.css&#39;) }}&quot;&gt;

I can reference files that aren&#39;t in subfolders with this, which works.

     &lt;link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=&quot;{{ url_for(&#39;static&#39;, filename=&#39;bootstrap.min.css&#39;) }}&quot;&gt;

What is the correct way to reference static files with `url_for`?  How do I use `url_for` to generate urls to static files at any level?

Link to Flask static files with url_for

How do you use <code>url_for</code> in Flask to reference a file in a folder? For example, I have some static files in the <code>static</code> folder, some of which may be in subfolders such as <code>static/bootstrap</code>.
When I try to serve a file from <code>static/bootstrap</code>, I get an error.
<pre><code class="hljs language-bash"> &#x3C;link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href="{{ url_for('static/bootstrap', filename='bootstrap.min.css') }}">
</code></pre>
I can reference files that aren't in subfolders with this, which works.
<pre><code class="hljs language-bash"> &#x3C;link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href="{{ url_for('static', filename='bootstrap.min.css') }}">
</code></pre>
What is the correct way to reference static files with <code>url_for</code>? How do I use <code>url_for</code> to generate urls to static files at any level?

I have some problems with the Pandas apply function, when using multiple columns with the following dataframe

    df = DataFrame ({&#39;a&#39; : np.random.randn(6),
                     &#39;b&#39; : [&#39;foo&#39;, &#39;bar&#39;] * 3,
                     &#39;c&#39; : np.random.randn(6)})

and the following function

    def my_test(a, b):
        return a % b

When I try to apply this function with :
 
    df[&#39;Value&#39;] = df.apply(lambda row: my_test(row[a], row[c]), axis=1)

I get the error message:

    NameError: (&quot;global name &#39;a&#39; is not defined&quot;, u&#39;occurred at index 0&#39;)

I do not understand this message, I defined the name properly. 

I would highly appreciate any help on this issue

Update

Thanks for your help. I made indeed some syntax mistakes with the code, the index should be put &#39;&#39;. However I still get the same issue using a more complex function such as:

    def my_test(a):
        cum_diff = 0
        for ix in df.index():
            cum_diff = cum_diff + (a - df[&#39;a&#39;][ix])
        return cum_diff 


Why isn&#39;t my Pandas &#39;apply&#39; function referencing multiple columns working?

I have a difficult time using pip to install almost anything. I&#39;m new to coding, so I thought maybe this is something I&#39;ve been doing wrong and have opted out to easy_install to get most of what I needed done, which has generally worked. However, now I&#39;m trying to download the nltk library, and neither is getting the job done.

I tried entering

    sudo pip install nltk

but got the following response:

    /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/pip run on Sat May  4 00:15:38 2013
    Downloading/unpacking nltk
    
      Getting page https://pypi.python.org/simple/nltk/
      Could not fetch URL [need more reputation to post link]: There was a problem confirming the ssl certificate: &lt;urlopen error [Errno 1] _ssl.c:504: error:0D0890A1:asn1 encoding routines:ASN1_verify:unknown message digest algorithm&gt;
    
      Will skip URL [need more reputation to post link]/simple/nltk/ when looking for download links for nltk
    
      Getting page [need more reputation to post link]/simple/
      Could not fetch URL https://pypi.python. org/simple/: There was a problem confirming the ssl certificate: &lt;urlopen error [Errno 1] _ssl.c:504: error:0D0890A1:asn1 encoding routines:ASN1_verify:unknown message digest algorithm&gt;
    
      Will skip URL [need more reputation to post link] when looking for download links for nltk
    
      Cannot fetch index base URL [need more reputation to post link]
    
      URLs to search for versions for nltk:
      * [need more reputation to post link]
      Getting page [need more reputation to post link]
      Could not fetch URL [need more reputation to post link]: There was a problem confirming the ssl certificate: &lt;urlopen error [Errno 1] _ssl.c:504: error:0D0890A1:asn1 encoding routines:ASN1_verify:unknown message digest algorithm&gt;
    
      Will skip URL [need more reputation to post link] when looking for download links for nltk
    
      Could not find any downloads that satisfy the requirement nltk
    
    No distributions at all found for nltk
    
    Exception information:
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File &quot;/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip-1.3.1-py2.7.egg/pip/basecommand.py&quot;, line 139, in main
        status = self.run(options, args)
      File &quot;/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip-1.3.1-py2.7.egg/pip/commands/install.py&quot;, line 266, in run
        requirement_set.prepare_files(finder, force_root_egg_info=self.bundle, bundle=self.bundle)
      File &quot;/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip-1.3.1-py2.7.egg/pip/req.py&quot;, line 1026, in prepare_files
        url = finder.find_requirement(req_to_install, upgrade=self.upgrade)
      File &quot;/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip-1.3.1-py2.7.egg/pip/index.py&quot;, line 171, in find_requirement
        raise DistributionNotFound(&#39;No distributions at all found for %s&#39; % req)
    DistributionNotFound: No distributions at all found for nltk
    
    --easy_install installed fragments of the library and the code ran into trouble very quickly upon trying to run it.

Any thoughts on this issue? I&#39;d really appreciate some feedback on how I can either get pip working or something to get around the issue in the meantime.

pip issue installing almost any library

I have an application that loads an Image and when the user clicks it, a text area appears for this Image (using `jquery`), where user can write some text on the Image.  Which should be added on Image.

After doing some research on it, I figured that `PIL` (Python Imaging Library ) can help me do this. So I tried couple of examples to see how it works and I managed to write text on an image. But I think there is some difference when I try it using `Python Shell` and in web environment. I mean the text on the textarea is very big in px. How can I achieve the same size of text when using PIL as the one on the textarea?

The text is Multiline. How can i make it multiline in image also, using `PIL`?

Is there a better way than using PIL? I am not entirely sure, If this is the best implementation.

html:

    &lt;img src=&quot;images/test.jpg&quot;/&gt;
its the image being edited


    var count = 0;
	$(&#39;textarea&#39;).autogrow();
	$(&#39;img&#39;).click(function(){
		count = count + 1;
		if (count &gt; 1){
			$(this).after(&#39;&lt;textarea /&gt;&#39;);
			$(&#39;textarea&#39;).focus();
		}	
	});

the jquery to add the textarea. 
Also the text area is position:absolute and fixed size. 

Should i place it inside a form so i can get coordinates of textarea on image?
I want to write text on image when user clicks and save it on the image.

Add Text on Image using PIL

The question of how to speed up importing of Python modules has been asked previously (https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2010255/speeding-up-the-python-import-loader and https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6025635/python-speed-up-imports) but without specific examples and has not yielded accepted solutions. I will therefore take up the issue again here, but this time with a specific example. 

I have a Python script that loads a 3-D image stack from disk, smooths it, and displays it as a movie. I call this script from the system command prompt when I want to quickly view my data. I&#39;m OK with the 700 ms it takes to smooth the data as this is comparable to MATLAB. However, it takes an additional 650 ms to import the modules. So from the user&#39;s perspective the Python code runs at half the speed.

This is the series of modules I&#39;m importing:

    import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    import matplotlib.animation as animation
    import scipy.ndimage
    import scipy.signal
    import sys
    import os

Of course, not all modules are equally slow to import. The chief culprits are:

    matplotlib.pyplot   [300ms]
    numpy               [110ms]
    scipy.signal        [200ms]

I have experimented with using `from`, but this isn&#39;t any faster. Since Matplotlib is the main culprit and it&#39;s got a reputation for slow screen updates, I looked for alternatives. One is PyQtGraph, but that takes 550 ms to import.  

I am aware of one obvious solution, which is to call my function from an interactive Python session rather than the system command prompt. This is fine but it&#39;s too MATLAB-like, I&#39;d prefer the elegance of having my function available from the system prompt. 

I&#39;m new to Python and I&#39;m not sure how to proceed at this point. Since I&#39;m new, I&#39;d appreciate links on how to implement proposed solutions. Ideally, I&#39;m looking for a simple solution (aren&#39;t we all!) because the code needs to be portable between multiple Mac and Linux machines. 



improving speed of Python module import

I&#39;m learning how to use pickle. I&#39;ve created a namedtuple object, appended it to a list, and tried to pickle that list. However, I get the following error:

    pickle.PicklingError: Can&#39;t pickle &lt;class &#39;__main__.P&#39;&gt;: it&#39;s not found as __main__.P

I found that if I ran the code without wrapping it inside a function, it works perfectly. Is there an extra step required to pickle an object when wrapped inside a function?

Here is my code:

    from collections import namedtuple
    import pickle
    
    def pickle_test():
        P = namedtuple(&quot;P&quot;, &quot;one two three four&quot;)
        my_list = []
        abe = P(&quot;abraham&quot;, &quot;lincoln&quot;, &quot;vampire&quot;, &quot;hunter&quot;)
        my_list.append(abe)
        with open(&#39;abe.pickle&#39;, &#39;wb&#39;) as f:
            pickle.dump(abe, f)
        
    pickle_test()

How to pickle a namedtuple instance correctly

My response back from MongoDB after querying an aggregated function on document using Python, It returns valid response and i can print it but can not return it.

Error: 

    TypeError: ObjectId(&#39;51948e86c25f4b1d1c0d303c&#39;) is not JSON serializable

Print:

    {&#39;result&#39;: [{&#39;_id&#39;: ObjectId(&#39;51948e86c25f4b1d1c0d303c&#39;), &#39;api_calls_with_key&#39;: 4, &#39;api_calls_per_day&#39;: 0.375, &#39;api_calls_total&#39;: 6, &#39;api_calls_without_key&#39;: 2}], &#39;ok&#39;: 1.0}

But When i try to return:

    TypeError: ObjectId(&#39;51948e86c25f4b1d1c0d303c&#39;) is not JSON serializable

It is RESTfull call:

    @appv1.route(&#39;/v1/analytics&#39;)
    def get_api_analytics():
        # get handle to collections in MongoDB
        statistics = sldb.statistics
    
        objectid = ObjectId(&quot;51948e86c25f4b1d1c0d303c&quot;)
    
        analytics = statistics.aggregate([
        {&#39;$match&#39;: {&#39;owner&#39;: objectid}},
        {&#39;$project&#39;: {&#39;owner&#39;: &quot;$owner&quot;,
        &#39;api_calls_with_key&#39;: {&#39;$cond&#39;: [{&#39;$eq&#39;: [&quot;$apikey&quot;, None]}, 0, 1]},
        &#39;api_calls_without_key&#39;: {&#39;$cond&#39;: [{&#39;$ne&#39;: [&quot;$apikey&quot;, None]}, 0, 1]}
        }},
        {&#39;$group&#39;: {&#39;_id&#39;: &quot;$owner&quot;,
        &#39;api_calls_with_key&#39;: {&#39;$sum&#39;: &quot;$api_calls_with_key&quot;},
        &#39;api_calls_without_key&#39;: {&#39;$sum&#39;: &quot;$api_calls_without_key&quot;}
        }},
        {&#39;$project&#39;: {&#39;api_calls_with_key&#39;: &quot;$api_calls_with_key&quot;,
        &#39;api_calls_without_key&#39;: &quot;$api_calls_without_key&quot;,
        &#39;api_calls_total&#39;: {&#39;$add&#39;: [&quot;$api_calls_with_key&quot;, &quot;$api_calls_without_key&quot;]},
        &#39;api_calls_per_day&#39;: {&#39;$divide&#39;: [{&#39;$add&#39;: [&quot;$api_calls_with_key&quot;, &quot;$api_calls_without_key&quot;]}, {&#39;$dayOfMonth&#39;: datetime.now()}]},
        }}
        ])
    
    
        print(analytics)
    
        return analytics

db is well connected and collection is there too and I got back valid expected result but when i try to return it gives me Json error. Any idea how to convert the response back into JSON. Thanks

TypeError: ObjectId(&#39;&#39;) is not JSON serializable

What is the standard way for a blueprint to access the application logger?

In Flask: How to access app Logger within Blueprint

In flask, I can do this:

    render_template(&quot;foo.html&quot;, messages={&#39;main&#39;:&#39;hello&#39;})

And if foo.html contains `{{ messages[&#39;main&#39;] }}`, the page will show `hello`. But what if there&#39;s a route that leads to foo:

    @app.route(&quot;/foo&quot;)
    def do_foo():
        # do some logic here
        return render_template(&quot;foo.html&quot;)

In this case, the only way to get to foo.html, if I want that logic to happen anyway, is through a `redirect`:

    @app.route(&quot;/baz&quot;)
    def do_baz():
        if some_condition:
            return render_template(&quot;baz.html&quot;)
        else:
            return redirect(&quot;/foo&quot;, messages={&quot;main&quot;:&quot;Condition failed on page baz&quot;}) 
            # above produces TypeError: redirect() got an unexpected keyword argument &#39;messages&#39;

So, how can I get that `messages` variable to be passed to the `foo` route, so that I don&#39;t have to just rewrite the same logic code that that route computes before loading it up?

redirect while passing arguments

Does anyone know why I can&#39;t overwrite an existing endpoint function if i have two url rules like this

    app.add_url_rule(&#39;/&#39;,
                     view_func=Main.as_view(&#39;main&#39;),
                     methods=[&quot;GET&quot;])
    
    app.add_url_rule(&#39;/&lt;page&gt;/&#39;,
                     view_func=Main.as_view(&#39;main&#39;),
                     methods=[&quot;GET&quot;])

Traceback:

    Traceback (most recent call last): 
      File &quot;demo.py&quot;, line 20, in &lt;module&gt; methods=[&quot;GET&quot;]) 
      File &quot;.../python2.6/site-packages/flask‌​/app.py&quot;, 
        line 62, in wrapper_func return f(self, *args, **kwargs) 
      File &quot;.../python2.6/site-packages/flask‌​/app.py&quot;, 
        line 984, in add_url_rule &#39;existing endpoint function: %s&#39; % endpoint)  
    AssertionError: View function mapping is overwriting an existing endpoint 
        function: main


AssertionError: View function mapping is overwriting an existing endpoint function: main

How are you meant to debug errors in Flask?  Print to the console?  Flash messages to the page?  Or is there a more powerful option available to figure out what&#39;s happening when something goes wrong?

How to debug a Flask app

I have a nested list. I need to iterate through a list and keep it in for loop as shown below.


    {% for alpha in list %}
        &lt;div id=&quot;{{ loop.index }}&quot;&gt; 
           &lt;div class=&#39;sidebar-one&#39;&gt;
              {% for beta in list[0][2:] %} #I want to iterate through list[0][2:] till list[n][2:]
                  &lt;p&gt; {{ beta[0][0] }} &lt;/p&gt;
              {% endfor %}
           &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    {% endfor %}


I tried range but no luck. 
    
    {% for n in range(1,n) %}
    {% for line in check[{{n}}][2:] %}
    {% endfor %}

it threw error: 

        TemplateSyntaxError: expected token &#39;:&#39;, got &#39;}&#39;

range in jinja2 inside a for loop

I have an integer

    {% set curYear = 2013 %}

In `{% if %}` statement I have to compare it with some string. I can&#39;t set `curYear` to string at the beginning because I have to decrement it in loop.

How can I convert it?

Convert integer to string Jinja

Found some of these in jinja files: 

    &lt;/extension&gt;
    {%- else -%}
    &lt;extension name=&quot;blabla&quot;&gt;

And also 

    {% if freeswitch_dispatcher -%}
    &lt;extension name=&quot;hold_unhold&quot;&gt;

See the dashes ?  Any idea what it&#39;s for ?

Dashes in jinja templates

How to make a variable in jijna2 default to &quot;&quot; if object is None instead of doing something like this?

          {% if p %}   
			{{ p.User[&#39;first_name&#39;]}}
          {% else %}
			NONE
		  {%endif %}

So if object p is None I want to default the values of p (first_name and last_name) to &quot;&quot;.
Basically 

    nvl(p.User[first_name&#39;], &quot;&quot;)


Error receiving:

    Error:  jinja2.exceptions.UndefinedError
        UndefinedError: &#39;None&#39; has no attribute &#39;User&#39;

Jinja2 template variable if None Object set a default value

I have two files:

**base.html**

    &lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
    &lt;html&gt;
        &lt;head&gt;
           &lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;
           &lt;title&gt;{{title}}&lt;/title&gt;
        &lt;/head&gt;
        &lt;body&gt;
           {% block content %}
           {% endblock %}   
        &lt;/body&gt;
    &lt;/html&gt;

**register.html**

    {% extends &quot;base.html&quot; %}
    {% block content %}
    &lt;h1&gt;Register&lt;/h1&gt;
    &lt;form action=&quot;&quot; method=&quot;post&quot; name=&quot;register&quot;&gt;
        {{ form.hidden_tag() }}
        {{ form.login.label }} {{ form.login(size=20) }}
        {{ form.password.label }} {{ form.password(size=20) }}
        &lt;input type=&quot;submit&quot; value=&quot;Register&quot;&gt;
    &lt;/form&gt;
    {% endblock %}

It gets rendered like this:

    &lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
    &lt;html&gt;
        &lt;head&gt;
           &lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;
           &lt;title&gt;Register&lt;/title&gt;
        &lt;/head&gt;
        &lt;body&gt;
           
    &lt;h1&gt;Register&lt;/h1&gt;
    &lt;form action=&quot;&quot; method=&quot;post&quot; name=&quot;register&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;&lt;input id=&quot;csrf_token&quot; name=&quot;csrf_token&quot; type=&quot;hidden&quot; value=&quot;1393257771.168161##ce877b3519f192c05d3b409f3b7b07bb147dead7&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;label for=&quot;login&quot;&gt;login&lt;/label&gt; &lt;input id=&quot;login&quot; name=&quot;login&quot; size=&quot;20&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; value=&quot;&quot;&gt;
        &lt;label for=&quot;password&quot;&gt;password&lt;/label&gt; &lt;input id=&quot;password&quot; name=&quot;password&quot; size=&quot;20&quot; type=&quot;password&quot; value=&quot;&quot;&gt;
        &lt;input type=&quot;submit&quot; value=&quot;Register&quot;&gt;
    &lt;/form&gt;
       
        &lt;/body&gt;
    &lt;/html&gt;

I would like to achieve this:

    &lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
    &lt;html&gt;
        &lt;head&gt;
           &lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;
           &lt;title&gt;Register&lt;/title&gt;
        &lt;/head&gt;
        &lt;body&gt;
            &lt;h1&gt;Register&lt;/h1&gt;
            &lt;form action=&quot;&quot; method=&quot;post&quot; name=&quot;register&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;&lt;input id=&quot;csrf_token&quot; name=&quot;csrf_token&quot; type=&quot;hidden&quot; value=&quot;1393257771.168161##ce877b3519f192c05d3b409f3b7b07bb147dead7&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;label for=&quot;login&quot;&gt;login&lt;/label&gt; &lt;input id=&quot;login&quot; name=&quot;login&quot; size=&quot;20&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; value=&quot;&quot;&gt;
                &lt;label for=&quot;password&quot;&gt;password&lt;/label&gt; &lt;input id=&quot;password&quot; name=&quot;password&quot; size=&quot;20&quot; type=&quot;password&quot; value=&quot;&quot;&gt;
                &lt;input type=&quot;submit&quot; value=&quot;Register&quot;&gt;
            &lt;/form&gt;
        &lt;/body&gt;
    &lt;/html&gt;

Am I missing something? I tried Google and messing with the template indentations, also `indent` filter does not seem to apply here. I do not want to hard-code the indentation in the inner block, as that would break if I decide to change the formatting and elements in the base later.

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	user1431282	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	tbicr	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Python	Andrew Grow	View Answer on Stackoverflow

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