javax.faces.application.ViewExpiredException: View could not be restored

I have written simple application with container-managed security. The problem is when I log in and open another page on which I logout, then I come back to first page and I click on any link etc or refresh page I get this exception. I guess it's normal (or maybe not:)) because I logged out and session is destroyed. What should I do to redirect user to for example index.xhtml or login.xhtml and save him from seeing that error page/message?

In other words how can I automatically redirect other pages to index/login page after I log out?

Here it is:

javax.faces.application.ViewExpiredException: viewId:/index.xhtml - View /index.xhtml could not be restored.
	at com.sun.faces.lifecycle.RestoreViewPhase.execute(RestoreViewPhase.java:212)
	at com.sun.faces.lifecycle.Phase.doPhase(Phase.java:101)
	at com.sun.faces.lifecycle.RestoreViewPhase.doPhase(RestoreViewPhase.java:110)
	at com.sun.faces.lifecycle.LifecycleImpl.execute(LifecycleImpl.java:118)
	at javax.faces.webapp.FacesServlet.service(FacesServlet.java:312)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.service(StandardWrapper.java:1523)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:343)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:215)
	at filter.HttpHttpsFilter.doFilter(HttpHttpsFilter.java:66)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:256)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:215)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:277)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:188)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardPipeline.invoke(StandardPipeline.java:641)
	at com.sun.enterprise.web.WebPipeline.invoke(WebPipeline.java:97)
	at com.sun.enterprise.web.PESessionLockingStandardPipeline.invoke(PESessionLockingStandardPipeline.java:85)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:185)
	at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.doService(CoyoteAdapter.java:325)
	at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:226)
	at com.sun.enterprise.v3.services.impl.ContainerMapper.service(ContainerMapper.java:165)
	at com.sun.grizzly.http.ProcessorTask.invokeAdapter(ProcessorTask.java:791)
	at com.sun.grizzly.http.ProcessorTask.doProcess(ProcessorTask.java:693)
	at com.sun.grizzly.http.ProcessorTask.process(ProcessorTask.java:954)
	at com.sun.grizzly.http.DefaultProtocolFilter.execute(DefaultProtocolFilter.java:170)
	at com.sun.grizzly.DefaultProtocolChain.executeProtocolFilter(DefaultProtocolChain.java:135)
	at com.sun.grizzly.DefaultProtocolChain.execute(DefaultProtocolChain.java:102)
	at com.sun.grizzly.DefaultProtocolChain.execute(DefaultProtocolChain.java:88)
	at com.sun.grizzly.http.HttpProtocolChain.execute(HttpProtocolChain.java:76)
	at com.sun.grizzly.ProtocolChainContextTask.doCall(ProtocolChainContextTask.java:53)
	at com.sun.grizzly.SelectionKeyContextTask.call(SelectionKeyContextTask.java:57)
	at com.sun.grizzly.ContextTask.run(ContextTask.java:69)
	at com.sun.grizzly.util.AbstractThreadPool$Worker.doWork(AbstractThreadPool.java:330)
	at com.sun.grizzly.util.AbstractThreadPool$Worker.run(AbstractThreadPool.java:309)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:619)

Introduction

The ViewExpiredException will be thrown whenever the javax.faces.STATE_SAVING_METHOD is set to server (default) and the enduser sends a HTTP POST request on a view via <h:form> with <h:commandLink>, <h:commandButton> or <f:ajax>, while the associated view state isn't available in the session anymore.

The view state is identified as value of a hidden input field javax.faces.ViewState of the <h:form>. With the state saving method set to server, this contains only the view state ID which references a serialized view state in the session. So, when the session is expired or absent for one of the following reasons ...

• session object is timed out in server
• session cookie is timed out in client
• session cookie is deleted in client
• HttpSession#invalidate() is called in server
• SameSite=None is missing on session cookie (and thus e.g. Chrome won't send them along when a 3rd party site (e.g. payment) navigates back to your site via a callback URL)

... then the serialized view state is not available anymore in the session and the enduser will get this exception. To understand the working of the session, see also https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3106452/how-do-servlets-work-instantiation-shared-variables-and-multithreading.

There is also a limit on the amount of views JSF will store in the session. When the limit is hit, then the least recently used view will be expired. See also https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4105439/com-sun-faces-numberofviewsinsession-vs-com-sun-faces-numberoflogicalviews.

With the state saving method set to client, the javax.faces.ViewState hidden input field contains instead the whole serialized view state, so the enduser won't get a ViewExpiredException when the session expires. It can however still happen on a cluster environment ("ERROR: MAC did not verify" is symptomatic) and/or when there's a implementation-specific timeout on the client side state configured and/or when server re-generates the AES key during restart, see also https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35102645/getting-viewexpiredexception-in-clustered-environment-while-state-saving-method how to solve it.

Regardless of the solution, make sure you do not use enableRestoreView11Compatibility. it does not at all restore the original view state. It basically recreates the view and all associated view scoped beans from scratch and hereby thus losing all of original data (state). As the application will behave in a confusing way ("Hey, where are my input values..??"), this is very bad for user experience. Better use stateless views or <o:enableRestorableView> instead so you can manage it on a specific view only instead of on all views.

As to the why JSF needs to save view state, head to this answer: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5474316/why-does-jsf-need-to-save-the-state-of-ui-components-on-the-server-side/5475564#5475564

Avoiding ViewExpiredException on page navigation

In order to avoid ViewExpiredException when e.g. navigating back after logout when the state saving is set to server, only redirecting the POST request after logout is not sufficient. You also need to instruct the browser to not cache the dynamic JSF pages, otherwise the browser may show them from the cache instead of requesting a fresh one from the server when you send a GET request on it (e.g. by back button).

The javax.faces.ViewState hidden field of the cached page may contain a view state ID value which is not valid anymore in the current session. If you're (ab)using POST (command links/buttons) instead of GET (regular links/buttons) for page-to-page navigation, and click such a command link/button on the cached page, then this will in turn fail with a ViewExpiredException.

To fire a redirect after logout in JSF 2.0, either add <redirect /> to the <navigation-case> in question (if any), or add ?faces-redirect=true to the outcome value.

<h:commandButton value="Logout" action="logout?faces-redirect=true" />

or

public String logout() {
    // ...
    return "index?faces-redirect=true";
}

To instruct the browser to not cache the dynamic JSF pages, create a Filter which is mapped on the servlet name of the FacesServlet and adds the needed response headers to disable the browser cache. E.g.

@WebFilter(servletNames={"Faces Servlet"}) // Must match <servlet-name> of your FacesServlet.
public class NoCacheFilter implements Filter {

    @Override
    public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {
        HttpServletRequest req = (HttpServletRequest) request;
        HttpServletResponse res = (HttpServletResponse) response;

        if (!req.getRequestURI().startsWith(req.getContextPath() + ResourceHandler.RESOURCE_IDENTIFIER)) { // Skip JSF resources (CSS/JS/Images/etc)
            res.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate"); // HTTP 1.1.
            res.setHeader("Pragma", "no-cache"); // HTTP 1.0.
            res.setDateHeader("Expires", 0); // Proxies.
        }

        chain.doFilter(request, response);
    }

    // ...
}

Avoiding ViewExpiredException on page refresh

In order to avoid ViewExpiredException when refreshing the current page when the state saving is set to server, you not only need to make sure you are performing page-to-page navigation exclusively by GET (regular links/buttons), but you also need to make sure that you are exclusively using ajax to submit the forms. If you're submitting the form synchronously (non-ajax) anyway, then you'd best either make the view stateless (see later section), or to send a redirect after POST (see previous section).

Having a ViewExpiredException on page refresh is in default configuration a very rare case. It can only happen when the limit on the amount of views JSF will store in the session is hit. So, it will only happen when you've manually set that limit way too low, or that you're continuously creating new views in the "background" (e.g. by a badly implemented ajax poll in the same page or by a badly implemented 404 error page on broken images of the same page). See also https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4105439/com-sun-faces-numberofviewsinsession-vs-com-sun-faces-numberoflogicalviews for detail on that limit. Another cause is having duplicate JSF libraries in runtime classpath conflicting each other. The correct procedure to install JSF is outlined in our JSF wiki page.

Handling ViewExpiredException

When you want to handle an unavoidable ViewExpiredException after a POST action on an arbitrary page which was already opened in some browser tab/window while you're logged out in another tab/window, then you'd like to specify an error-page for that in web.xml which goes to a "Your session is timed out" page. E.g.

<error-page>
    <exception-type>javax.faces.application.ViewExpiredException</exception-type>
    <location>/WEB-INF/errorpages/expired.xhtml</location>
</error-page>

Use if necessary a meta refresh header in the error page in case you intend to actually redirect further to home or login page.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
    <head>
        <title>Session expired</title>
        <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0;url=#{request.contextPath}/login.xhtml" />
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>Session expired</h1>
        <h3>You will be redirected to login page</h3>
        <p><a href="#{request.contextPath}/login.xhtml">Click here if redirect didn't work or when you're impatient</a>.</p>
    </body>
</html>

(the 0 in content represents the amount of seconds before redirect, 0 thus means "redirect immediately", you can use e.g. 3 to let the browser wait 3 seconds with the redirect)

Note that handling exceptions during ajax requests requires a special ExceptionHandler. See also https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11203195/session-timeout-handling-on-jsf-ajax-request. You can find a live example at OmniFaces FullAjaxExceptionHandler showcase page (this also covers non-ajax requests).

Also note that your "general" error page should be mapped on <error-code> of 500 instead of an <exception-type> of e.g. java.lang.Exception or java.lang.Throwable, otherwise all exceptions wrapped in ServletException such as ViewExpiredException would still end up in the general error page. See also https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3206922/viewexpiredexception-shown-in-java-lang-throwable-error-page-in-web-xml.

<error-page>
    <error-code>500</error-code>
    <location>/WEB-INF/errorpages/general.xhtml</location>
</error-page>

Stateless views

A completely different alternative is to run JSF views in stateless mode. This way nothing of JSF state will be saved and the views will never expire, but just be rebuilt from scratch on every request. You can turn on stateless views by setting the transient attribute of <f:view> to true:

<f:view transient="true">

</f:view>

This way the javax.faces.ViewState hidden field will get a fixed value of "stateless" in Mojarra (have not checked MyFaces at this point). Note that this feature was introduced in Mojarra 2.1.19 and 2.2.0 and is not available in older versions.

The consequence is that you cannot use view scoped beans anymore. They will now behave like request scoped beans. One of the disadvantages is that you have to track the state yourself by fiddling with hidden inputs and/or loose request parameters. Mainly those forms with input fields with rendered, readonly or disabled attributes which are controlled by ajax events will be affected.

Note that the <f:view> does not necessarily need to be unique throughout the view and/or reside in the master template only. It's also completely legit to redeclare and nest it in a template client. It basically "extends" the parent <f:view> then. E.g. in master template:

<f:view contentType="text/html">
    <ui:insert name="content" />
</f:view>

and in template client:

<ui:define name="content">
    <f:view transient="true">
        <h:form>...</h:form>
    </f:view>
</f:view>

You can even wrap the <f:view> in a <c:if> to make it conditional. Note that it would apply on the entire view, not only on the nested contents, such as the <h:form> in above example.

See also

• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3206922/issue-with-jsf-viewexpiredexception-and-multiple-error-page-tag-definitions-in-w
• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8144195/check-if-session-exists-jsf
• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11203195/session-timeout-and-viewexpiredexception-handling-on-jsf-primefaces-ajax-request

---

Unrelated to the concrete problem, using HTTP POST for pure page-to-page navigation isn't very user/SEO friendly. In JSF 2.0 you should really prefer <h:link> or <h:button> over the <h:commandXxx> ones for plain vanilla page-to-page navigation.

So instead of e.g.

<h:form id="menu">
    <h:commandLink value="Foo" action="foo?faces-redirect=true" />
    <h:commandLink value="Bar" action="bar?faces-redirect=true" />
    <h:commandLink value="Baz" action="baz?faces-redirect=true" />
</h:form>

better do

<h:link value="Foo" outcome="foo" />
<h:link value="Bar" outcome="bar" />
<h:link value="Baz" outcome="baz" />

See also

• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4317684/when-should-i-use-houtputlink-instead-of-hcommandlink

• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13070537/difference-between-hbutton-and-hcommandbutton

• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15521451/how-to-navigate-in-jsf-how-to-make-url-reflect-current-page-and-not-previous-o/15523045#15523045

Have you tried adding lines below to your web.xml?

<context-param>
   <param-name>com.sun.faces.enableRestoreView11Compatibility</param-name>
   <param-value>true</param-value>
</context-param>

I found this to be very effective when I encountered this issue.

First what you have to do, before changing web.xml is to make sure your ManagedBean implements Serializable:

@ManagedBean
@ViewScoped
public class Login implements Serializable {
}

Especially if you use MyFaces

Avoid multipart forms in Richfaces:

<h:form enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <a4j:poll id="poll" interval="10000"/>
</h:form>

If you are using Richfaces, i have found that ajax requests inside of multipart forms return a new View ID on each request.

How to debug:

On each ajax request a View ID is returned, that is fine as long as the View ID is always the same. If you get a new View ID on each request, then there is a problem and must be fixed.

You coud use your own custom AjaxExceptionHandler or primefaces-extensions

Update your faces-config.xml

...
<factory>
  <exception-handler-factory>org.primefaces.extensions.component.ajaxerrorhandler.AjaxExceptionHandlerFactory</exception-handler-factory>
</factory>
...

Add following code in your jsf page

...
<pe:ajaxErrorHandler />
...

I was getting this error : javax.faces.application.ViewExpiredException.When I using different requests, I found those having same JsessionId, even after restarting the server. So this is due to the browser cache. Just close the browser and try, it will work.

When our page is idle for x amount of time the view will expire and throw javax.faces.application.ViewExpiredException to prevent this from happening one solution is to create CustomViewHandler that extends ViewHandler and override restoreView method all the other methods are being delegated to the Parent

import java.io.IOException;
import javax.faces.FacesException;
import javax.faces.application.ViewHandler;
import javax.faces.component.UIViewRoot;
import javax.faces.context.FacesContext;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 
public class CustomViewHandler extends ViewHandler {
	private ViewHandler parent;
 
	public CustomViewHandler(ViewHandler parent) {
		//System.out.println("CustomViewHandler.CustomViewHandler():Parent View Handler:"+parent.getClass());
		this.parent = parent;
	}
 
    @Override 
    public UIViewRoot restoreView(FacesContext facesContext, String viewId) {
	/**
	 * {@link javax.faces.application.ViewExpiredException}. This happens only  when we try to logout from timed out pages.
	 */
	    UIViewRoot root = null;
	    root = parent.restoreView(facesContext, viewId);
    	if(root == null) {
    		root = createView(facesContext, viewId);
    	}
	    return root;
    }
 
    @Override
	public Locale calculateLocale(FacesContext facesContext) {
		return parent.calculateLocale(facesContext);
	}
 
	@Override
	public String calculateRenderKitId(FacesContext facesContext) {
		String renderKitId = parent.calculateRenderKitId(facesContext);
		//System.out.println("CustomViewHandler.calculateRenderKitId():RenderKitId: "+renderKitId);
		return renderKitId;
	}
 
	@Override
	public UIViewRoot createView(FacesContext facesContext, String viewId) {
		return parent.createView(facesContext, viewId);
	}
 
    @Override
	public String getActionURL(FacesContext facesContext, String actionId) {
		return parent.getActionURL(facesContext, actionId);
	}
 
	@Override
	public String getResourceURL(FacesContext facesContext, String resId) {
		return parent.getResourceURL(facesContext, resId);
	}
 
	@Override
	public void renderView(FacesContext facesContext, UIViewRoot viewId) throws IOException, FacesException {
		parent.renderView(facesContext, viewId);
	}
 
	@Override
	public void writeState(FacesContext facesContext) throws IOException {
		parent.writeState(facesContext);
	}
 
	public ViewHandler getParent() {
		return parent;
	}
 
}   

Then you need to add it to your faces-config.xml

<application>
    <view-handler>com.demo.CustomViewHandler</view-handler>
</application>

Thanks for the original answer on the below link: http://www.gregbugaj.com/?p=164

Please add this line in your web.xml It works for me

<context-param>
		<param-name>org.ajax4jsf.handleViewExpiredOnClient</param-name> 
		<param-value>true</param-value> 	
	</context-param>

I ran into this problem myself and realized that it was because of a side-effect of a Filter that I created which was filtering all requests on the appliation. As soon as I modified the filter to pick only certain requests, this problem did not occur. It maybe good to check for such filters in your application and see how they behave.

I add the following configuration to web.xml and it got resolved.

<context-param>
    <param-name>com.sun.faces.numberOfViewsInSession</param-name>
    <param-value>500</param-value>
</context-param>
<context-param>
    <param-name>com.sun.faces.numberOfLogicalViews</param-name>
    <param-value>500</param-value>
</context-param>