java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError:failed resolution of :Lorg/apache/http/ProtocolVersion

I'm encountering this error when I use Android Studio to build my app. The APK is compiled, but when I attempt to run the app on Android P emulator, it will crash and throw the following error. Please see more details in the attachments:

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError:failed resolution of :Lorg/apache/http/ProtocolVersion

This is my build.grade file. If anybody has a suggestion on what the problem could be, I would appreciate it. Many thanks.

android {

     compileSdkVersion 'android-P'
     buildToolsVersion '28-rc1'
   
    useLibrary 'org.apache.http.legacy'

    //for Lambda
    compileOptions {
        targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
        sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
    }

    packagingOptions {

        exclude 'META-INF/LICENSE'
        exclude 'META-INF/NOTICE'
    }
    defaultConfig {
        applicationId "xxx.xxx.xxx"
        minSdkVersion 17
        targetSdkVersion 27
        versionCode xxxx
        versionName "Vx.x.x"

        multiDexEnabled true
     

     //other setting required
        ndk {
            abiFilters 'armeabi', 'armeabi-v7a', 'armeabi-v8a', 'x86', 'x86_64', 'mips', 'mips64'
        }

Update: This is no longer a bug or a workaround, it is required if your app targets API Level 28 (Android 9.0) or above and uses the Google Maps SDK for Android 16.0.0 or below (or if your app uses the Apache HTTP Legacy library). It is now included in the official docs. The public issue has been closed as intended behavior.

This is a bug on the Google Play Services side, until it's fixed, you should be able to workaround by adding this to your AndroidManifest.xml inside the <application> tag:

<uses-library android:name="org.apache.http.legacy" android:required="false" />

This link android-9.0-changes-28-->Apache HTTP client deprecation explains reason for adding the following to your AndroidManifest.xml:

<uses-library android:name="org.apache.http.legacy" android:required="false"/>

> With Android 6.0, we removed support for the Apache HTTP client. > Beginning with Android 9, that library is removed from the > bootclasspath and is not available to apps by default.

Do any of the following:

1- Update the play-services-maps library to the latest version:

com.google.android.gms:play-services-maps:16.1.0

2- Or include the following declaration within the <application> element of AndroidManifest.xml.

<uses-library
      android:name="org.apache.http.legacy"
      android:required="false" />

> In your AndroidManifest.xml add this two-line.

android:usesCleartextTraffic="true"  
<uses-library android:name="org.apache.http.legacy" android:required="false"/>

> See this below code

    <application
        android:allowBackup="true"
        android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
        android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
        android:supportsRtl="true"
        android:usesCleartextTraffic="true"
        android:theme="@style/AppTheme"
        tools:ignore="AllowBackup,GoogleAppIndexingWarning">
        <activity android:name=".activity.SplashActivity">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
       
        <uses-library android:name="org.apache.http.legacy" android:required="false"/>
    </application>

If You using Android 9.0 with legacy jar than you have to use. in your mainfest file.

<uses-library android:name="org.apache.http.legacy" android:required="false"/>

To run org.apache.http.legacy perfectely in Android 9.0 Pie create an xml file res/xml/network_security_config.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
    <network-security-config>
      <base-config cleartextTrafficPermitted="true">
       <trust-anchors>
        <certificates src="system" />
       </trust-anchors>
      </base-config>
    </network-security-config>

And add 2 tags tag in your AndroidManifest.xml

> android:networkSecurityConfig="@xml/network_security_config" > android:name="org.apache.http.legacy"

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
 <manifest......>
  <application android:networkSecurityConfig="@xml/network_security_config">
   <activity..../> 
   ......
   ......
 <uses-library
        android:name="org.apache.http.legacy"
        android:required="false"/>
</application>

Also add useLibrary 'org.apache.http.legacy' in your app build gradle

android {
compileSdkVersion 28
defaultConfig {
    applicationId "your application id"
    minSdkVersion 15
    targetSdkVersion 28
    versionCode 1
    versionName "1.0"
    testInstrumentationRunner "android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
    useLibrary 'org.apache.http.legacy'
}

It's also reported on Android bug tracker: https://issuetracker.google.com/issues/79478779

If you are using com.google.android.gms:play-services-maps:16.0.0 or below and your app is targeting API level 28 (Android 9.0) or above, you must include the following declaration within the element of AndroidManifest.xml

<uses-library
      android:name="org.apache.http.legacy"
      android:required="false" />

Check this link - https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/android-sdk/config#specify_requirement_for_apache_http_legacy_library

This Might be Late Answer. but, I hope its save someone time:

If you are using com.google.android.gms:play-services-maps:16.0.0 or below and your app is targeting API level 28 (Android 9.0) or above, you must include the following declaration within the element of AndroidManifest.xml

<application
        ...
        ...
        android:usesCleartextTraffic="true"
        android:requestLegacyExternalStorage="true">

       <uses-library
            android:name="org.apache.http.legacy"
            android:required="false" />

</application>

Note: android:requestLegacyExternalStorage="true" required for Android 10+ to access storage R/W

Android 6.0 introduced the useCleartextTraffic attribute under application element in android manifest. The default value in Android P is “false”. Setting this to true indicates that the app intends to use clear network traffic.

If your app opts out of scoped storage when running on Android 10 devices, it's recommended that you continue to set requestLegacyExternalStorage to true in your app's manifest file. That way, your app can continue to behave as expected on devices that run Android 10

If you are using com.google.android.gms:play-services-maps:16.0.0 or below and your app is targeting API level 28 (Android 9.0) or above, you must include the following declaration within the element of AndroidManifest.xml.

<uses-library
      android:name="org.apache.http.legacy"
      android:required="false" />

This is handled for you if you are using com.google.android.gms:play-services-maps:16.1.0 and is not necessary if your app is targeting a lower API level.

In react native, I had the error not show maps and close app, run adb logcat and show error within console:

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError:failed resolution of :Lorg/apache/http/ProtocolVersion

fix it by adding within androidManifest.xml

<uses-library
  android:name="org.apache.http.legacy"
  android:required="false" />

According to this SO answer, it occurs due to an AWS SDK bug that appears to be solved in version 2.6.30 of the SDK, so updating the version to a newer, can help you fixing the problem.