Iterating over every two elements in a list

How do I make a for loop or a list comprehension so that every iteration gives me two elements?

l = [1,2,3,4,5,6]

for i,k in ???:
	print str(i), '+', str(k), '=', str(i+k)

Output:

1+2=3
3+4=7
5+6=11

You need a pairwise() (or grouped()) implementation.

def pairwise(iterable):
    "s -> (s0, s1), (s2, s3), (s4, s5), ..."
    a = iter(iterable)
    return zip(a, a)

for x, y in pairwise(l):
   print("%d + %d = %d" % (x, y, x + y))

Or, more generally:

def grouped(iterable, n):
    "s -> (s0,s1,s2,...sn-1), (sn,sn+1,sn+2,...s2n-1), (s2n,s2n+1,s2n+2,...s3n-1), ..."
    return zip(*[iter(iterable)]*n)

for x, y in grouped(l, 2):
   print("%d + %d = %d" % (x, y, x + y))

In Python 2, you should import izip as a replacement for Python 3's built-in zip() function.

All credit to martineau for his answer to my question, I have found this to be very efficient as it only iterates once over the list and does not create any unnecessary lists in the process.

N.B: This should not be confused with the pairwise recipe in Python's own itertools documentation, which yields s -> (s0, s1), (s1, s2), (s2, s3), ..., as pointed out by @lazyr in the comments.

Little addition for those who would like to do type checking with mypy on Python 3:

from typing import Iterable, Tuple, TypeVar

T = TypeVar("T")

def grouped(iterable: Iterable[T], n=2) -> Iterable[Tuple[T, ...]]:
    """s -> (s0,s1,s2,...sn-1), (sn,sn+1,sn+2,...s2n-1), ..."""
    return zip(*[iter(iterable)] * n)

Well you need tuple of 2 elements, so

data = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
for i,k in zip(data[0::2], data[1::2]):
    print str(i), '+', str(k), '=', str(i+k)

Where:

• data[0::2] means create subset collection of elements that (index % 2 == 0)
• zip(x,y) creates a tuple collection from x and y collections same index elements.

>>> l = [1,2,3,4,5,6]

>>> zip(l,l[1:])
[(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)]

>>> zip(l,l[1:])[::2]
[(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]

>>> [a+b for a,b in zip(l,l[1:])[::2]]
[3, 7, 11]

>>> ["%d + %d = %d" % (a,b,a+b) for a,b in zip(l,l[1:])[::2]]
['1 + 2 = 3', '3 + 4 = 7', '5 + 6 = 11']

A simple solution.

l = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

for i in range(0, len(l), 2):
print str(l[i]), '+', str(l[i + 1]), '=', str(l[i] + l[i + 1])

While all the answers using zip are correct, I find that implementing the functionality yourself leads to more readable code:

def pairwise(it):
    it = iter(it)
    while True:
        try:
            yield next(it), next(it)
        except StopIteration:
            # no more elements in the iterator
            return

The it = iter(it) part ensures that it is actually an iterator, not just an iterable. If it already is an iterator, this line is a no-op.

Usage:

for a, b in pairwise([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]):
    print(a + b)

I hope this will be even more elegant way of doing it.

a = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
zip(a[::2], a[1::2])

[(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]

In case you're interested in the performance, I did a small benchmark (using my library simple_benchmark) to compare the performance of the solutions and I included a function from one of my packages: iteration_utilities.grouper

from iteration_utilities import grouper
import matplotlib as mpl
from simple_benchmark import BenchmarkBuilder

bench = BenchmarkBuilder()

@bench.add_function()
def Johnsyweb(l):
    def pairwise(iterable):
        "s -> (s0, s1), (s2, s3), (s4, s5), ..."
        a = iter(iterable)
        return zip(a, a)

    for x, y in pairwise(l):
        pass

@bench.add_function()
def Margus(data):
    for i, k in zip(data[0::2], data[1::2]):
        pass

@bench.add_function()
def pyanon(l):
    list(zip(l,l[1:]))[::2]

@bench.add_function()
def taskinoor(l):
    for i in range(0, len(l), 2):
        l[i], l[i+1]

@bench.add_function()
def mic_e(it):
    def pairwise(it):
        it = iter(it)
        while True:
            try:
                yield next(it), next(it)
            except StopIteration:
                return

    for a, b in pairwise(it):
        pass

@bench.add_function()
def MSeifert(it):
    for item1, item2 in grouper(it, 2):
        pass
    
bench.use_random_lists_as_arguments(sizes=[2**i for i in range(1, 20)])
benchmark_result = bench.run()
mpl.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (8, 10)
benchmark_result.plot_both(relative_to=MSeifert)

So if you want the fastest solution without external dependencies you probably should just use the approach given by Johnysweb (at the time of writing it's the most upvoted and accepted answer).

If you don't mind the additional dependency then the grouper from iteration_utilities will probably be a bit faster.

Additional thoughts

Some of the approaches have some restrictions, that haven't been discussed here.

For example a few solutions only work for sequences (that is lists, strings, etc.), for example Margus/pyanon/taskinoor solutions which uses indexing while other solutions work on any iterable (that is sequences and generators, iterators) like Johnysweb/mic_e/my solutions.

Then Johnysweb also provided a solution that works for other sizes than 2 while the other answers don't (okay, the iteration_utilities.grouper also allows setting the number of elements to "group").

Then there is also the question about what should happen if there is an odd number of elements in the list. Should the remaining item be dismissed? Should the list be padded to make it even sized? Should the remaining item be returned as single? The other answer don't address this point directly, however if I haven't overlooked anything they all follow the approach that the remaining item should be dismissed (except for taskinoors answer - that will actually raise an Exception).

With grouper you can decide what you want to do:

>>> from iteration_utilities import grouper

>>> list(grouper([1, 2, 3], 2))  # as single
[(1, 2), (3,)]

>>> list(grouper([1, 2, 3], 2, truncate=True))  # ignored
[(1, 2)]

>>> list(grouper([1, 2, 3], 2, fillvalue=None))  # padded
[(1, 2), (3, None)]

Use the zip and iter commands together:

I find this solution using iter to be quite elegant:

it = iter(l)
list(zip(it, it))
# [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]

Which I found in the [Python 3 zip documentation][1].

it = iter(l)
print(*(f'{u} + {v} = {u+v}' for u, v in zip(it, it)), sep='\n')
   
# 1 + 2 = 3
# 3 + 4 = 7
# 5 + 6 = 11

---

To generalise to N elements at a time:

N = 2
list(zip(*([iter(l)] * N)))
# [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]

[1]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#zip "Python 3 zip documentation" [2]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#iter "Python 3 iter documentation"

for (i, k) in zip(l[::2], l[1::2]):
    print i, "+", k, "=", i+k

zip(*iterable) returns a tuple with the next element of each iterable.

l[::2] returns the 1st, the 3rd, the 5th, etc. element of the list: the first colon indicates that the slice starts at the beginning because there's no number behind it, the second colon is only needed if you want a 'step in the slice' (in this case 2).

l[1::2] does the same thing but starts in the second element of the lists so it returns the 2nd, the 4th, 6th, etc. element of the original list.

With unpacking:

l = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
while l:
    i, k, *l = l
    print(f'{i}+{k}={i+k}') 

Note: this will consume l, leaving it empty afterward.

There are many ways to do that. For example:

lst = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
[(lst[i], lst[i+1]) for i,_ in enumerate(lst[:-1])]    
>>>[(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)]

[i for i in zip(*[iter(lst)]*2)]    
>>>[(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]

you can use more_itertools package.

import more_itertools

lst = range(1, 7)
for i, j in more_itertools.chunked(lst, 2):
    print(f'{i} + {j} = {i+j}')

For anyone it might help, here is a solution to a similar problem but with overlapping pairs (instead of mutually exclusive pairs).

From the Python itertools documentation:

from itertools import izip

def pairwise(iterable):
    "s -> (s0,s1), (s1,s2), (s2, s3), ..."
    a, b = tee(iterable)
    next(b, None)
    return izip(a, b)

Or, more generally:

from itertools import izip

def groupwise(iterable, n=2):
    "s -> (s0,s1,...,sn-1), (s1,s2,...,sn), (s2,s3,...,sn+1), ..."
    t = tee(iterable, n)
    for i in range(1, n):
        for j in range(0, i):
            next(t[i], None)
    return izip(*t)

The title of this question is misleading, you seem to be looking for consecutive pairs, but if you want to iterate over the set of all possible pairs than this will work :

for i,v in enumerate(items[:-1]):
        for u in items[i+1:]:

A simplistic approach:

[(a[i],a[i+1]) for i in range(0,len(a),2)]

this is useful if your array is a and you want to iterate on it by pairs. To iterate on triplets or more just change the "range" step command, for example:

[(a[i],a[i+1],a[i+2]) for i in range(0,len(a),3)]

(you have to deal with excess values if your array length and the step do not fit)

Another try at cleaner solution

def grouped(itr, n=2):
    itr = iter(itr)
    end = object()
    while True:
        vals = tuple(next(itr, end) for _ in range(n))
        if vals[-1] is end:
            return
        yield vals

---

For more customization options

from collections.abc import Sized

def grouped(itr, n=2, /, truncate=True, fillvalue=None, strict=False, nofill=False):
    if strict:
        if isinstance(itr, Sized):
            if len(itr) % n != 0:
                raise ValueError(f"{len(itr)=} is not divisible by {n=}")
    itr = iter(itr)
    end = object()
    while True:
        vals = tuple(next(itr, end) for _ in range(n))
        if vals[-1] is end:
            if vals[0] is end:
                return
            if strict:
                raise ValueError("found extra stuff in iterable")
            if nofill:
                yield tuple(v for v in vals if v is not end)
                return
            if truncate:
                return
            yield tuple(v if v is not end else fillvalue for v in vals)
            return
        yield vals

The polished Python3 solution is given in one of the itertools recipes:

import itertools

def grouper(iterable, n, fillvalue=None):
    "Collect data into fixed-length chunks or blocks"
    # grouper('ABCDEFG', 3, 'x') --> ABC DEF Gxx"
    args = [iter(iterable)] * n
    return itertools.zip_longest(*args, fillvalue=fillvalue)

Thought that this is a good place to share my generalization of this for n>2, which is just a sliding window over an iterable:

def sliding_window(iterable, n):
    its = [ itertools.islice(iter, i, None) 
            for i, iter
            in enumerate(itertools.tee(iterable, n)) ]                               

    return itertools.izip(*its)

I need to divide a list by a number and fixed like this.

l = [1,2,3,4,5,6]

def divideByN(data, n):
        return [data[i*n : (i+1)*n] for i in range(len(data)//n)]  

>>> print(divideByN(l,2))
[[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]

>>> print(divideByN(l,3))
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]

Using typing so you can verify data using mypy static analysis tool:

from typing import Iterator, Any, Iterable, TypeVar, Tuple

T_ = TypeVar('T_')
Pairs_Iter = Iterator[Tuple[T_, T_]]

def legs(iterable: Iterator[T_]) -> Pairs_Iter:
    begin = next(iterable)
    for end in iterable:
        yield begin, end
        begin = end

Here we can have alt_elem method which can fit in your for loop.

def alt_elem(list, index=2):
    for i, elem in enumerate(list, start=1):
        if not i % index:
           yield tuple(list[i-index:i])


a = range(10)
for index in [2, 3, 4]:
    print("With index: {0}".format(index))
    for i in alt_elem(a, index):
       print(i)

Output:

With index: 2
(0, 1)
(2, 3)
(4, 5)
(6, 7)
(8, 9)
With index: 3
(0, 1, 2)
(3, 4, 5)
(6, 7, 8)
With index: 4
(0, 1, 2, 3)
(4, 5, 6, 7)

Note: Above solution might not be efficient considering operations performed in func.

This is simple solution, which is using range function to pick alternative elements from a list of elements.

Note: This is only valid for an even numbered list.

a_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
empty_list = [] 
for i in range(0, len(a_list), 2):
    empty_list.append(a_list[i] + a_list[i + 1])   
print(empty_list)
# [3, 7, 11]