`id` is not a *keyword* in Python, but it is the name of a &lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#id&quot;&gt;*built-in function*&lt;/a&gt;.

The keywords [are][1]: 

    and       del       from      not       while
    as        elif      global    or        with
    assert    else      if        pass      yield
    break     except    import    print
    class     exec      in        raise
    continue  finally   is        return
    def       for       lambda    try

Keywords are invalid variable names. The following would be a syntax error:

    if = 1

On the other hand, built-in functions like `id` or `type` or `str` can be shadowed:

    str = &quot;hello&quot;    # don&#39;t do this


  [1]: http://docs.python.org/reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords

You can also get help from python:


    &gt;&gt;&gt; help(id)
    Help on built-in function id in module __builtin__:
    
    id(...)
        id(object) -&gt; integer
    
        Return the identity of an object.  This is guaranteed to be unique among
        simultaneously existing objects.  (Hint: it&#39;s the object&#39;s memory address.)

or alternatively you can question IPython

    IPython 0.10.2   [on Py 2.6.6]
    [C:/]|1&gt; id??
    Type:           builtin_function_or_method
    Base Class:     &lt;type &#39;builtin_function_or_method&#39;&gt;
    String Form:    &lt;built-in function id&gt;
    Namespace:      Python builtin
    Docstring [source file open failed]:
        id(object) -&gt; integer
    
    Return the identity of an object.  This is guaranteed to be unique among
    simultaneously existing objects.  (Hint: it&#39;s the object&#39;s memory address.)

Just for [reference purposes][1]:

Check if something is a keyword in Python:

    &gt;&gt;&gt; import keyword  
    &gt;&gt;&gt; keyword.iskeyword(&#39;id&#39;)
    False

Check all the keywords in Python:

    &gt;&gt;&gt; keyword.kwlist
    [&#39;and&#39;, &#39;as&#39;, &#39;assert&#39;, &#39;break&#39;, &#39;class&#39;, &#39;continue&#39;, &#39;def&#39;, &#39;del&#39;, &#39;elif&#39;,
     &#39;else&#39;, &#39;except&#39;, &#39;exec&#39;, &#39;finally&#39;, &#39;for&#39;, &#39;from&#39;, &#39;global&#39;, &#39;if&#39;, &#39;import&#39;,
     &#39;in&#39;, &#39;is&#39;, &#39;lambda&#39;, &#39;not&#39;, &#39;or&#39;, &#39;pass&#39;, &#39;print&#39;, &#39;raise&#39;, &#39;return&#39;, &#39;try&#39;,
     &#39;while&#39;, &#39;with&#39;, &#39;yield&#39;]


  [1]: http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/keyword.html#module-keyword

It&#39;s a built in function:

    id(...)
        id(object) -&gt; integer
        
        Return the identity of an object.  This is guaranteed to be unique among
        simultaneously existing objects.  (Hint: it&#39;s the object&#39;s memory address.)



How do I add a simple check before adding a column to a table for an oracle db? I&#39;ve included the SQL that I&#39;m using to add the column.

    ALTER TABLE db.tablename 
      ADD columnname NVARCHAR2(30);



How to check if a column exists before adding it to an existing table in PL/SQL?

How do I stop `setup.py` from installing a package as an egg?  Or even better, how do I `easy_install` from installing a package as an `egg`?

&gt; sudo python setup.py install

The reason being that `PyDev` is rather picky about packages in `egg` format...  The package I am interested in at the moment is `boto`.

**Update:** I found the *brute force* way of doing it:

    sudo easy_install -m boto
    cd path/to/boto-xyz.egg
    sudo mv boto ..
    sudo rm -rf boto-xyz.egg



stopping setup.py from installing as egg

My editor (TextMate) shows `id` in another colour (when used as variable name) than my usual variable names. Is it a keyword? I don&#39;t want to shade any keyword...

Is `id` a keyword in python?

<p>My editor (TextMate) shows <code>id</code> in another colour (when used as variable name) than my usual variable names. Is it a keyword? I don't want to shade any keyword...</p>


I&#39;m currently using Matplotlib to create a histogram:

![enter image description here][1]

    import matplotlib
    matplotlib.use(&#39;Agg&#39;)
    import matplotlib.pyplot as pyplot
    ...
    fig = pyplot.figure()
    ax = fig.add_subplot(1,1,1,)
    n, bins, patches = ax.hist(measurements, bins=50, range=(graph_minimum, graph_maximum), histtype=&#39;bar&#39;)

    #ax.set_xticklabels([n], rotation=&#39;vertical&#39;)

    for patch in patches:
        patch.set_facecolor(&#39;r&#39;)

    pyplot.title(&#39;Spam and Ham&#39;)
    pyplot.xlabel(&#39;Time (in seconds)&#39;)
    pyplot.ylabel(&#39;Bits of Ham&#39;)
    pyplot.savefig(output_filename)


I&#39;d like to make the x-axis labels a bit more meaningful.

Firstly, the x-axis ticks here seem to be limited to five ticks. No matter what I do, I can&#39;t seem to change this - even if I add more xticklabels, it only uses the first five. I&#39;m not sure how Matplotlib calculates this, but I assume it&#39;s auto-calculated from the range/data?

**Is there some way I can increase the resolution of x-tick labels** - even to the point of one for each bar/bin?

(Ideally, I&#39;d also like the seconds to be reformatted in micro-seconds/milli-seconds, but that&#39;s a question for another day).

Secondly, I&#39;d like **each individual bar labeled** - with the actual number in that bin, as well as the percentage of the total of all bins.

The final output might look something like this:

![enter image description here][2]

Is something like that possible with Matplotlib?

Cheers,
Victor


  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/B0jJr.png
  [2]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/UyBGD.png

Matplotlib - label each bin

If I have 2 dicts as follows:

    d1 = {&#39;a&#39;: 2, &#39;b&#39;: 4}
    d2 = {&#39;a&#39;: 2, &#39;b&#39;: &#39;&#39;}

In order to &#39;merge&#39; them:

    dict(d1.items() + d2.items())
    
results in

    {&#39;a&#39;: 2, &#39;b&#39;: &#39;&#39;}

But what should I do if I would like to compare each value of the two dictionaries and only update `d2` into `d1` if values in `d1` are empty/`None`/`&#39;&#39;`?

When the same key exists, I would like to only maintain the numerical value (either from `d1` or `d2`) instead of the empty value. If both values are empty, then no problems maintaining the empty value. If both have values, then `d1`-value should stay.

i.e.

    d1 = {&#39;a&#39;: 2, &#39;b&#39;: 8, &#39;c&#39;: &#39;&#39;}
    d2 = {&#39;a&#39;: 2, &#39;b&#39;: &#39;&#39;, &#39;c&#39;: &#39;&#39;}

should result in

    {&#39;a&#39;: 2, &#39;b&#39;: 8, &#39;c&#39;: &#39;&#39;}

where 8 is not overwritten by `&#39;&#39;`.

Dictionary merge by updating but not overwriting if value exists

Python 2 had the builtin function [`execfile`](http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#execfile), which was removed in Python 3.0. [This question][1] discusses alternatives for Python 3.0, but some [considerable changes][2] have been made [since Python 3.0][3].

What is the best alternative to [`execfile`](http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#execfile) for Python 3.2, and [future Python 3.x versions][4]?


  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/436198/what-is-an-alternative-to-execfile-in-python-3-0
  [2]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/436198/what-is-an-alternative-to-execfile-in-python-3-0/436214#436214
  [3]: http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/importlib.html
  [4]: http://docs.python.org/dev/whatsnew/index.html

Alternative to execfile in Python 3?

Python&#39;s built-in unittest module makes assertions with `TestCase.assert*` methods: 

    class FooTest(TestCase):
        def test_foo(self):
            self.assertEqual(1,1)
            self.assertNotEqual(1,2)
            self.assertTrue(True)

I have generally used a testrunner such as [nose][1] or [py.test][2] which allow use of the built-in `assert` keyword when making assertions:

    assert 1 == 1
    assert 1 != 2
    assert True

What is the motivation for unittest&#39;s `TestCase.assert*` approach and what are the strengths and weaknesses of this vs asserting with the built-in assert keyword? Are there reasons why unittest&#39;s syntax should be favoured?

  [1]: http://somethingaboutorange.com/mrl/projects/nose/1.0.0/usage.html?highlight=assert
  [2]: http://doc.pytest.org/en/latest/assert.html#assert-with-the-assert-statement


Why do assertions in unittest use TestCase.assertEqual not the assert keyword?

Is the later just a synonym of the former, or are they two different implementations of FFT? Which one is better?

What is the difference between numpy.fft and scipy.fftpack?

When writing a query using C# LINQ syntax, is there a way to use the Queryable.SelectMany method from the keyword syntax?

For 

    string[] text = { &quot;Albert was here&quot;, 
                      &quot;Burke slept late&quot;, 
                      &quot;Connor is happy&quot; };

Using fluent methods I could query

    var tokens = text.SelectMany(s =&gt; s.Split(&#39; &#39;));

Is there a query syntax akin to

    var tokens = from x in text selectmany s.Split(&#39; &#39;)





Is there a C# LINQ syntax for the Queryable.SelectMany() method?

I&#39;ve seen `default` used next to function declarations in a class. What does it do?

    class C {
      C(const C&amp;) = default;
      C(C&amp;&amp;) = default;
      C&amp; operator=(const C&amp;) &amp; = default;
      C&amp; operator=(C&amp;&amp;) &amp; = default;
      virtual ~C() { }
    };

What does &quot;default&quot; mean after a class&#39; function declaration?

Hope this question wasn&#39;t asked before. Does anyone know the character limit for domain names?
For example if I write this:

    CREATE DOMAIN d_complement_activite_etablissement AS character varying

it will create a domain with the name:

    d_complement_activite_etabliss

(Yeah, I know how to count, but I want some more info on the subject).

Is there a command that can change this maximum length? Is this length the same for other names (columns, tables etc)?

Maximum characters in labels (table names, columns etc)

I have a very simple question - when should we apply the new keyword when creating objects in Scala? Is it when we try to instantiate Java objects only?

&quot;new&quot; keyword in Scala

I was making my way through the Scala playframework tutorial and I came across this snippet of code which had me puzzled: 

    def newTask = Action { implicit request =&gt;
    taskForm.bindFromRequest.fold(
            errors =&gt; BadRequest(views.html.index(Task.all(), errors)),
            label =&gt; {
              Task.create(label)
              Redirect(routes.Application.tasks())
            } 
      )
    }

So I decided to investigate and came across [this post][1].

I still don&#39;t get it.

What is the difference between this: 

    implicit def double2Int(d : Double) : Int = d.toInt

and

    def double2IntNonImplicit(d : Double) : Int = d.toInt

other than the obvious fact they have different method names.

When should I use `implicit` and why?

  [1]: http://pietrowski.info/2009/07/scala-implicit-conversion/

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Aufwind	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	Greg Hewgill	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Python	joaquin	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Python	Stefan van den Akker	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - Python	nakedfanatic	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Is `id` a keyword in python?

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Solution 2 - Python

Solution 3 - Python

Solution 4 - Python

stopping setup.py from installing as egg

How to check if a column exists before adding it to an existing table in PL/SQL?

Attributions