With the `uname` utility, as on other POSIX systems.

    uname -r

If you want to detect if you&#39;re running the 32 bit or 64 bit version, the -m switch will tell you:

`uname -m`

&quot;i686&quot; for the 32-bit version, &quot;x86_64&quot; if it&#39;s 64-bit.

`uname -a`

..gives you all the information at once. Check `man uname` for details.

(This is also answered in https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22687184/how-do-i-tell-whether-my-cygwin-installation-is-32-or-64-bit)

I started web development in LAMP/WAMP and it was logical to me.
There is a Web Server program called Apache which does the networking part of setting up a service on port 80 (common port). If the request is regular HTML it serves it using HTTP. And  if the request is a PHP resource, there is a mod_php with which the Apache invokes the PHP interpreter to process the file and it gives back HTML which is again transferred as usual HTML. 

Now the question is what is a Web Framework? I came across Python based website creation and there is Flask. What is a flask, how does it compare with LAMP. Further are Django/Ruby on Rails different from flask?

Further is LAMP slower than these common frameworks - most claim that it is easy to deploy web apps using their framework? 

Can someone answer me and also give some good places to read on these. Thanks for your answers in advance. 




What is a Web Framework? How does it compare with LAMP?

Suppose I have a class `F` that should be friend to the classes `G` (in the global namespace) and `C` (in namespace `A`).

- to be friend to `A::C`, `F` must be forward declared.
- to be friend to `G`, no forward declaration of `F` is necessary.
- likewise, a class `A::BF` can be friend to `A::C` without forward declaration

The following code illustrates this and compiles with GCC 4.5, VC++ 10 and at least with one other compiler.

    class G {
        friend class F;
        int g;
    };
    
    // without this forward declaration, F can&#39;t be friend to A::C
    class F;
    
    namespace A {
    
    class C {
        friend class ::F;
        friend class BF;
        int c;
    };
    
    class BF {
    public:
        BF() { c.c = 2; }
    private:
        C c;
    };
    
    } // namespace A
    
    class F {
    public:
        F() { g.g = 3; c.c = 2; }
    private:
        G g;
        A::C c;
    };
    
    int main()
    {
        F f;
    }

To me this seems inconsistent. Is there a reason for this or is it just a design decision of the standard?


Why does a C++ friend class need a forward declaration only in other namespaces?

[Cygwin](http://www.cygwin.com/) - How would I find the Cygwin&#39;s version which has been installed on my machine? (Win Vista)

How would I find the cygwin version which has been installed on my machine

<p><a href="http://www.cygwin.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Cygwin</a> - How would I find the Cygwin's version which has been installed on my machine? (Win Vista)</p>


I&#39;m trying to figure out how to run Python programs with the Command Prompt on Windows 7. (I should have figured this out by now...)

When I typed &quot;python&quot; into the command prompt, I got the following error:
&gt;&#39;python&#39; is not recognized as an internal or external command,
&gt;operable program or batch file.

The first place I found when looking for help was this site: &lt;http://docs.python.org/faq/windows.html#how-do-i-run-a-python-program-under-windows&gt;.

It was somewhat helpful, but the tutorial was written for Windows 2000 and older, so it was minimally helpful for my Windows 7 machine. I attempted the following:
&gt;For older versions of Windows the easiest way to do this is to edit the C:\AUTOEXEC.BAT &gt;file. You would want to add a line like the following to AUTOEXEC.BAT:

This file did not exist on my machine (unless I&#39;m mistaken). 

Next, I tried this: (here: &lt;https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1522564/how-do-i-run-a-python-program&gt;)
&gt;Putting Python In Your Path
&gt;
&gt;Windows
&gt;
&gt;In order to run programs, your operating system looks in various places, and tries to match the name of the program / command you typed with some programs along the way.
&gt;
&gt;In windows:
&gt;
&gt;control panel &gt; system &gt; advanced &gt; |Environmental Variables| &gt; system variables -&gt; Path
&gt;
&gt;this needs to include: C:\Python26; (or equivalent). If you put it at the front, it will be the first place looked. You can also add it at the end, which is possibly saner.
&gt;
&gt;Then restart your prompt, and try typing &#39;python&#39;. If it all worked, you should get a &quot;&gt;&gt;&gt;&quot; prompt.

This was relevant enough for Windows 7, and I made my way to the System Variables. I added a variable &quot;python&quot;  with the value &quot;C:\Python27&quot;

I continued to get the error, even after restarting my computer.

Anyone know how to fix this?

How do I run a Python program in the Command Prompt in Windows 7?

I want to run PowerShell scripts on Windows&amp;nbsp;7 as a regular user. Whenever I try, I get the following error:

    File C:\Users\danv\Documents\WindowsPowerShell\profile.ps1 cannot be loaded because the
    execution of scripts is disabled on this system. Please see &quot;get-help about_signing&quot; for
    more details.
    At line:1 char:2
    + . &lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;  &#39;C:\Users\danv\Documents\WindowsPowerShell\profile.ps1&#39;
        + CategoryInfo          : NotSpecified: (:) [], PSSecurityException
        + FullyQualifiedErrorId : RuntimeException

Attempting to solve via `Set-ExecutionPolicy Unrestricted` fails:

    PS C:\Users\danv&gt; Set-ExecutionPolicy Unrestricted
    Set-ExecutionPolicy : Access to the registry key
    &#39;HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\PowerShell\1\ShellIds\Microsoft.PowerShell&#39;
    is denied.
    At line:1 char:20
    + Set-ExecutionPolicy &lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;  Unrestricted
        + CategoryInfo          : NotSpecified: (:) [Set-ExecutionPolicy], UnauthorizedAccessException
        + FullyQualifiedErrorId : System.UnauthorizedAccessException,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.SetExecutionPolicyCommand

I can run the `Set-ExecutionPolicy Unrestricted` command as administrator, but this doesn&#39;t seem to propagate to non-administrator users.

How can I successfully run scripts as a non-administrator?



PowerShell on Windows 7: Set-ExecutionPolicy for regular users

I am creating a simple batch file to assist in a few things, and I have some instructions that it prints out as well that I want the user to see before exit. Currently, the window closes very quickly. So I added `PAUSE` at the end of the file, but it does not want to work. 

I looked at other questions on SO and have checked to make sure the line endings are `CRLF` and that I have `CRLF` at the end of the file. 

Any suggestions?

Batch file command PAUSE does not work

I have Windows 7 (32-bit) installed on laptop.

I downloaded WAMP server and installed it with it&#39;s default options.

However, I noticed that Apache does not work (while MySQL does work!). 

I tried to install it via `Apache → Service → Install Service` and got a message saying that port 80 is taken by Skype. I turned off Skype, and then Apache started to work.

How can I avoid this conflict and allow WAMP and Skype to work simultaneously?

Should I configure Apache to work with other port? Where?

How to solve WAMP and Skype conflict on Windows 7?

How do I change default startup directory for command prompt in Windows 7?

I usually do the following to start command prompt from C:\
&lt;pre&gt;
  WIN-R (Run Prompt)
  cmd /K cd C:\
&lt;/pre&gt;

I want to do the following to start command prompt from C:\
&lt;pre&gt;
  WIN-R (Run Prompt)
  cmd
&lt;/pre&gt;

Changing default startup directory for command prompt in Windows 7

I installed cygwin with all the packages on windows 7 64 bit. For some reason the make command is giving me an error: bash make: command not found. I checked and in my bin folder, there is no make.exe. Can anyone help me on this? I really need make to work in CYGWIN. I dont wanna have to go to windows xp.

Cygwin Make bash command not found

I want to know exactly what `{} \;` and `{} \+` and `| xargs ...` do. Please clarify these with explanations.

Below 3 commands run and output same result but the first command takes a little time and the format is also little different. 

    find . -type f -exec file {} \;
    find . -type f -exec file {} \+
    find . -type f | xargs file

It&#39;s because 1st one runs the `file` command for every file coming from the `find` command. So, basically it runs as: 

    file file1.txt
    file file2.txt

But latter 2 find with `-exec` commands run file command once for all files like below:

    file file1.txt file2.txt

Then I run the following commands on which first one runs without problem but second one gives error message.

    find . -type f -iname &#39;*.cpp&#39; -exec mv {} ./test/ \;
    find . -type f -iname &#39;*.cpp&#39; -exec mv {} ./test/ \+ #gives error:find: missing argument to `-exec&#39;

For command with `{} \+`, it gives me the error message 

    find: missing argument to `-exec&#39;

why is that? can anyone please explain what am I doing wrong?



Why does find -exec mv {} ./target/ + not work?

I have few log files around 100MBs each. 
Personally I find it cumbersome to deal with such big files. I know that log lines that are interesting to me are only between 200 to 400 lines or so.

What would be a good way to extract relavant log lines from these files ie I just want to pipe the range of line numbers to another file.

For example,  the inputs are:

    filename: MyHugeLogFile.log
    Starting line number: 38438
    Ending line number:   39276

Is there a command that I can run in cygwin to `cat` out only that range in that file? I know that if I can somehow display that range in stdout then I can also pipe to an output file.

*Note: Adding `Linux` tag for more visibility, but I need a solution that might work in cygwin. (Usually linux commands do work in cygwin).*

How to crop(cut) text files based on starting and ending line-numbers in cygwin?

My VPS provider recommends that I leave my SSH port to the custom port number they assign it by default (not 22).  The thing is the while I know I can give the port number when create a remote config, it seems like I can&#39;t do the same when doing a git clone.  I am using gitolite so I clone commands look like:

    git clone git@mydomain.com:gitolite-admin

Is there a way to covert this to using the custom ssh port number?

I should also mention I am running cygwin on windows.  I have seen multiple places saying to add the custom port to the `~/.ssh/config` file like

    Host mydomain.com
        Port 12345

however in cygwin, that file does not seem to exist.

Git On Custom SSH Port

I have a folder /cygwin/d/myfolder/
And everytime I save files there, from cygwin if i do an ls -la I see that the files are given permission 000. That actually causes me quite a bit of problem as I rsync this folder to my server and none of the files are accessible. How can I get the files to automatically get a reasonable permission?

cygwin sets file permission to 000

I have a small script that performs the build and install process on Windows for a [Bazaar][1] repository I&#39;m managing. I&#39;m trying to run the script with elevated, administrative privileges from *within* the Windows shell (cmd.exe)--just as if I&#39;d right-clicked it and chosen *Run as Administrator*, but without using any method that requires use of the graphical interface.

  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar_%28software%29


How do you run a command as an administrator from the Windows command line?

I am unable to start GlassFish, because it keeps showing this error message:

    SEVERE: Shutting down v3 due to startup exception : No free port within range: 8080=com.sun.enterprise.v3.services.impl.monitor.MonitorableSelectorHandler@ed7d1

How can I find what applications are using what ports on Windows&amp;nbsp;Vista?
I have tried using nmap zenmap using the following target:

http://127.0.0.1:8080

But all I get is this:

    Starting Nmap 5.51 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2011-08-05 12:05 Central Daylight Time

    NSE: Loaded 57 scripts for scanning.

    Read data files from: C:\Program Files\Nmap
    Nmap done: 0 IP addresses (0 hosts up) scanned in 4.55 seconds
               Raw packets sent: 0 (0B) | Rcvd: 0 (0B)
    WARNING: No targets were specified, so 0 hosts scanned.


How do I find which application is using up my port?

I need my software to be able to run as administrator on Windows Vista (if someone runs it without administrative permissions, it will crash). 

When launching other software, I&#39;ve seen a prompt by the system like &quot;this software will run as administrator. do you want to continue?&quot; when the app was trying to acquire administrative privileges.

How do I request administrative privileges when running an c# app on Windows Vista?

How to request administrator permissions when the program starts?

Being totally new into node.js environment and philosophy i would like answers to few questions. I had downloaded the node.js for windows installer and also node package manager.Windows Cmd prompt is being currently used for running nodejs apps.

1. cls clears the command window or errors in command prompt. Is there a equivalent for node.js ? console.clear does not exist ;( or does it in some other form?

2. I created a server through this code below

        var http = require(&quot;http&quot;);
        http.createServer(function (request, response) {
        	response.writeHead(200, {
        		&quot;Content-Type&quot;: &quot;text/html&quot;
        	});
        	response.write(&quot;Hello World&quot;);
        	console.log(&quot;welcome world&quot;)response.end();
        }).listen(9000, &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;);

i changed the code to below and refreshed the browser to find that content type does not change, how do i get to see the changes?

    var http = require(&quot;http&quot;);
    http.createServer(function(request, response) {
      response.writeHead(200, {&quot;Content-Type&quot;: &quot;text/plain&quot;});
      response.write(&quot;Hello World&quot;);
      console.log(&quot;welcome world&quot;)
      response.end();
    }).listen(9000,&quot;127.0.0.1&quot;);

Node.Js on windows - How to clear console

I need to debug the website i &#39;m developing (ASP.NET MVC3, Razor, .NET 4, VS2010 SP1 
(as administrator)) in IIS7 (Vista Home) and getting the error:

IIS does not list a website that matches the launch url.

To test if it has to do something with the settings of the app, i did create from scratch an empty new ASP.NET MVC3 website, set for IIS, created virtual directory, launched with F5 and i worked fine!

I again did create a second website project with the exact same settings (just to be sure) and this also launched as expected.

This leads my to think that i have some configuration problem!? But what? In the past i used IIS very rare, so my knowledge is somehow limited in this direction.

Any hints?

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	user339108	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Windows 7	ak2	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Windows 7	Bing	View Answer on Stackoverflow

How would I find the cygwin version which has been installed on my machine

Windows 7 Problem Overview

Windows 7 Solutions

Solution 1 - Windows 7

Solution 2 - Windows 7

Why does a C++ friend class need a forward declaration only in other namespaces?

What is a Web Framework? How does it compare with LAMP?

Attributions