How to set up DAGGER dependency injection from scratch in Android project?

How to use Dagger? How to configure Dagger to work in my Android project?

I'd like to use Dagger in my Android project, but I find it confusing.

EDIT: Dagger2 is also out since 2015 04 15, and it's even more confusing!

[This question is a "stub" on which I am adding to my answer as I learned more about Dagger1, and learn more about Dagger2. This question is more of a guide rather than a "question".]

Guide for Dagger 2.x (Revised Edition 6):

The steps are the following:

1.) add Dagger to your build.gradle files:

• top level build.gradle:

.

// Top-level build file where you can add configuration options common to all sub-projects/modules.

buildscript {
    repositories {
        jcenter()
    }
    dependencies {
        classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:2.2.0'
        classpath 'com.neenbedankt.gradle.plugins:android-apt:1.8' //added apt for source code generation
    }
}

allprojects {
    repositories {
        jcenter()
    }
}

• app level build.gradle:

.

apply plugin: 'com.android.application'
apply plugin: 'com.neenbedankt.android-apt' //needed for source code generation

android {
    compileSdkVersion 24
    buildToolsVersion "24.0.2"

    defaultConfig {
        applicationId "your.app.id"
        minSdkVersion 14
        targetSdkVersion 24
        versionCode 1
        versionName "1.0"
    }
    buildTypes {
        debug {
            minifyEnabled false
            proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
        }
        release {
            minifyEnabled false
            proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
        }
    }
}

dependencies {
    apt 'com.google.dagger:dagger-compiler:2.7' //needed for source code generation
    compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
    compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:24.2.1'
    compile 'com.google.dagger:dagger:2.7' //dagger itself
    provided 'org.glassfish:javax.annotation:10.0-b28' //needed to resolve compilation errors, thanks to tutplus.org for finding the dependency
}

2.) Create your AppContextModule class that provides the dependencies.

@Module //a module could also include other modules
public class AppContextModule {
    private final CustomApplication application;

    public AppContextModule(CustomApplication application) {
        this.application = application;
    }

    @Provides
    public CustomApplication application() {
        return this.application;
    }

    @Provides 
    public Context applicationContext() {
        return this.application;
    }

    @Provides
    public LocationManager locationService(Context context) {
        return (LocationManager) context.getSystemService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE);
    }
}

3.) create the AppContextComponent class that provides the interface to get the classes that are injectable.

public interface AppContextComponent {
    CustomApplication application(); //provision method
    Context applicationContext(); //provision method
    LocationManager locationManager(); //provision method
}

3.1.) This is how you would create a module with an implementation:

@Module //this is to show that you can include modules to one another
public class AnotherModule {
    @Provides
    @Singleton
    public AnotherClass anotherClass() {
        return new AnotherClassImpl();
    }
}

@Module(includes=AnotherModule.class) //this is to show that you can include modules to one another
public class OtherModule {
    @Provides
    @Singleton
    public OtherClass otherClass(AnotherClass anotherClass) {
        return new OtherClassImpl(anotherClass);
    }
}

public interface AnotherComponent {
    AnotherClass anotherClass();
}

public interface OtherComponent extends AnotherComponent {
    OtherClass otherClass();
}

@Component(modules={OtherModule.class})
@Singleton
public interface ApplicationComponent extends OtherComponent {
    void inject(MainActivity mainActivity);
}

Beware:: You need to provide the @Scope annotation (like @Singleton or @ActivityScope) on the module's @Provides annotated method to get a scoped provider within your generated component, otherwise it will be unscoped, and you'll get a new instance each time you inject.

3.2.) Create an Application-scoped component that specifies what you can inject (this is the same as the injects={MainActivity.class} in Dagger 1.x):

@Singleton
@Component(module={AppContextModule.class}) //this is where you would add additional modules, and a dependency if you want to subscope
public interface ApplicationComponent extends AppContextComponent { //extend to have the provision methods
    void inject(MainActivity mainActivity);
}

3.3.) For dependencies that you can create via a constructor yourself and won't want to redefine using a @Module (for example, you use build flavors instead to change the type of implementation), you can use @Inject annotated constructor.

public class Something {
    OtherThing otherThing;

    @Inject
    public Something(OtherThing otherThing) {
        this.otherThing = otherThing;
    }
}

Also, if you use @Inject constructor, you can use field injection without having to explicitly call component.inject(this):

public class Something {
    @Inject
    OtherThing otherThing;

    @Inject
    public Something() {
    }
}

These @Inject constructor classes are automatically added to the component of the same scope without having to explicitly specify them in a module.

A @Singleton scoped @Inject constructor class will be seen in @Singleton scoped components.

@Singleton // scoping
public class Something {
    OtherThing otherThing;

    @Inject
    public Something(OtherThing otherThing) {
        this.otherThing = otherThing;
    }
}

3.4.) After you've defined a specific implementation for a given interface, like so:

public interface Something {
    void doSomething();
}

@Singleton
public class SomethingImpl {
    @Inject
    AnotherThing anotherThing;

    @Inject
    public SomethingImpl() {
    }
}

You'll need to "bind" the specific implementation to the interface with a @Module.

@Module
public class SomethingModule {
    @Provides
    Something something(SomethingImpl something) {
        return something;
    }
}

A short-hand for this since Dagger 2.4 is the following:

@Module
public abstract class SomethingModule {
    @Binds
    abstract Something something(SomethingImpl something);
}

4.) create an Injector class to handle your application-level component (it replaces the monolithic ObjectGraph)

(note: Rebuild Project to create the DaggerApplicationComponent builder class using APT)

public enum Injector {
    INSTANCE;

    ApplicationComponent applicationComponent;

    private Injector(){
    }

    static void initialize(CustomApplication customApplication) {
        ApplicationComponent applicationComponent = DaggerApplicationComponent.builder()
           .appContextModule(new AppContextModule(customApplication))
           .build();
        INSTANCE.applicationComponent = applicationComponent;
    }

    public static ApplicationComponent get() {
        return INSTANCE.applicationComponent;
    }
}

5.) create your CustomApplication class

public class CustomApplication
        extends Application {
    @Override
    public void onCreate() {
        super.onCreate();
        Injector.initialize(this);
    }
}

6.) add CustomApplication to your AndroidManifest.xml.

<application
    android:name=".CustomApplication"
    ...

7.) Inject your classes in MainActivity

public class MainActivity
        extends AppCompatActivity {
    @Inject
    CustomApplication customApplication;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        Injector.get().inject(this);
        //customApplication is injected from component
    }
}

8.) Enjoy!

+1.) You can specify Scope for your components with which you can create Activity-level scoped components. Subscopes allow you to provide dependencies that you only need only for a given subscope, rather than throughout the whole application. Typically, each Activity gets its own module with this setup. Please note that a scoped provider exists per component, meaning in order to retain the instance for that activity, the component itself must survive configuration change. For example, it could survive through onRetainCustomNonConfigurationInstance(), or a Mortar scope.

For more info on subscoping, check out the guide by Google. Also please see this site about provision methods and also the component dependencies section) and here.

To create a custom scope, you must specify the scope qualifier annotation:

@Scope
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface YourCustomScope {
}

To create a subscope, you need to specify the scope on your component, and specify ApplicationComponent as its dependency. Obviously you need to specify the subscope on the module provider methods too.

@YourCustomScope
@Component(dependencies = {ApplicationComponent.class}, modules = {CustomScopeModule.class})
public interface YourCustomScopedComponent
        extends ApplicationComponent {
    CustomScopeClass customScopeClass();

    void inject(YourScopedClass scopedClass);
}

And

@Module
public class CustomScopeModule {
    @Provides
    @YourCustomScope
    public CustomScopeClass customScopeClass() {
        return new CustomScopeClassImpl();
    }
}

Please note that only one scoped component can be specified as a dependency. Think of it exactly like how multiple inheritance is not supported in Java.

+2.) About @Subcomponent: essentially, a scoped @Subcomponent can replace a component dependency; but rather than using a builder provided by the annotation processor, you would need to use a component factory method.

So this:

@Singleton
@Component
public interface ApplicationComponent {
}

@YourCustomScope
@Component(dependencies = {ApplicationComponent.class}, modules = {CustomScopeModule.class})
public interface YourCustomScopedComponent
        extends ApplicationComponent {
    CustomScopeClass customScopeClass();

    void inject(YourScopedClass scopedClass);
}

Becomes this:

@Singleton
@Component
public interface ApplicationComponent {
    YourCustomScopedComponent newYourCustomScopedComponent(CustomScopeModule customScopeModule);
}

@Subcomponent(modules={CustomScopeModule.class})
@YourCustomScope
public interface YourCustomScopedComponent {
    CustomScopeClass customScopeClass();
}

And this:

DaggerYourCustomScopedComponent.builder()
      .applicationComponent(Injector.get())
      .customScopeModule(new CustomScopeModule())
      .build();

Becomes this:

Injector.INSTANCE.newYourCustomScopedComponent(new CustomScopeModule());

+3.): Please check other Stack Overflow questions regarding Dagger2 as well, they provide a lot of info. For example, my current Dagger2 structure is specified in this answer.

Thanks

Thank you for the guides at Github, TutsPlus, Joe Steele, Froger MCS and Google.

Also for this step by step migration guide I found after writing this post.

And for scope explanation by Kirill.

Even more information in the official documentation.

Guide for Dagger 1.x:

The steps are the following:

1.) add Dagger to the build.gradle file for the dependencies

dependencies {
    compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
    ...
    compile 'com.squareup.dagger:dagger:1.2.2'
    provided 'com.squareup.dagger:dagger-compiler:1.2.2'

Also, add packaging-option to prevent an error about duplicate APKs.

android {
    ...
    packagingOptions {
        // Exclude file to avoid
        // Error: Duplicate files during packaging of APK
        exclude 'META-INF/services/javax.annotation.processing.Processor'
    }
}

2.) create an Injector class to handle the ObjectGraph.

public enum Injector
{
    INSTANCE;

    private ObjectGraph objectGraph = null;

    public void init(final Object rootModule)
    {

        if(objectGraph == null)
        {
            objectGraph = ObjectGraph.create(rootModule);
        }
        else
        {
            objectGraph = objectGraph.plus(rootModule);
        }

        // Inject statics
        objectGraph.injectStatics();

    }

    public void init(final Object rootModule, final Object target)
    {
        init(rootModule);
        inject(target);
    }

    public void inject(final Object target)
    {
        objectGraph.inject(target);
    }

    public <T> T resolve(Class<T> type)
    {
        return objectGraph.get(type);
    }
}

3.) Create a RootModule to link your future modules together. Please note that you must include injects to specify every class in which you will use @Inject annotation, because otherwise Dagger throws RuntimeException.

@Module(
    includes = {
        UtilsModule.class,
        NetworkingModule.class
    },
    injects = {
        MainActivity.class
    }
)
public class RootModule
{
}

4.) In case you have other sub-modules within your modules specified in your Root, create modules for those:

@Module(
    includes = {
        SerializerModule.class,
        CertUtilModule.class
    }
)
public class UtilsModule
{
}

5.) create the leaf modules which receive the dependencies as constructor parameters. In my case, there was no circular dependency, so I don't know if Dagger can resolve that, but I find it unlikely. The constructor parameters must also be provided in a Module by Dagger, if you specify complete = false then it can be in other Modules too.

@Module(complete = false, library = true)
public class NetworkingModule
{
    @Provides
    public ClientAuthAuthenticator providesClientAuthAuthenticator()
    {
        return new ClientAuthAuthenticator();
    }

    @Provides
    public ClientCertWebRequestor providesClientCertWebRequestor(ClientAuthAuthenticator clientAuthAuthenticator)
    {
        return new ClientCertWebRequestor(clientAuthAuthenticator);
    }

    @Provides
    public ServerCommunicator providesServerCommunicator(ClientCertWebRequestor clientCertWebRequestor)
    {
        return new ServerCommunicator(clientCertWebRequestor);
    }
}

6.) Extend Application and initialize the Injector.

@Override
public void onCreate()
{
    super.onCreate();
    Injector.INSTANCE.init(new RootModule());
}

7.) In your MainActivity, call the Injector in the onCreate() method.

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
{
    Injector.INSTANCE.inject(this);
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    ...

8.) Use @Inject in your MainActivity.

public class MainActivity extends ActionBarActivity
{  
    @Inject
    public ServerCommunicator serverCommunicator;

...

If you get the error no injectable constructor found, make sure you did not forget the @Provides annotations.