To set the use of scientific notation in your entire R session, you can use the `scipen` option. From the documentation (`?options`):

    ‘scipen’: integer.  A penalty to be applied when deciding to print
              numeric values in fixed or exponential notation.  Positive
              values bias towards fixed and negative towards scientific
              notation: fixed notation will be preferred unless it is more
              than ‘scipen’ digits wider.

So in essence this value determines how likely it is that scientific notation will be triggered. So to prevent scientific notation, simply use a large positive value like `999`:

    options(scipen=999)

Try `format` function:

    &gt; xx = 100000000000
    &gt; xx
    [1] 1e+11
    &gt; format(xx, scientific=F)
    [1] &quot;100000000000&quot;



I&#39;m trying to create a unit test for my service with a mocked DbContext. I created an interface `IDbContext` with the following functions:

	public interface IDbContext : IDisposable
	{
		IDbSet&lt;T&gt; Set&lt;T&gt;() where T : class;
		DbEntityEntry&lt;T&gt; Entry&lt;T&gt;(T entity) where T : class;
		int SaveChanges();
	}

My real context implements this interface `IDbContext` and `DbContext`.

Now I&#39;m trying to mock the `IDbSet&lt;T&gt;` in the context, so it returns a `List&lt;User&gt;` instead.

	[TestMethod]
	public void TestGetAllUsers()
	{
		// Arrange
		var mock = new Mock&lt;IDbContext&gt;();
		mock.Setup(x =&gt; x.Set&lt;User&gt;())
			.Returns(new List&lt;User&gt;
			{
				new User { ID = 1 }
			});

		UserService userService = new UserService(mock.Object);

		// Act
		var allUsers = userService.GetAllUsers();

		// Assert
		Assert.AreEqual(1, allUsers.Count());
	}

I always get this error on `.Returns`:

    The best overloaded method match for
    &#39;Moq.Language.IReturns&lt;AuthAPI.Repositories.IDbContext,System.Data.Entity.IDbSet&lt;AuthAPI.Models.Entities.User&gt;&gt;.Returns(System.Func&lt;System.Data.Entity.IDbSet&lt;AuthAPI.Models.Entities.User&gt;&gt;)&#39;
    has some invalid arguments

Mocking EF DbContext with Moq

With the new [Azure SQL Database tier structure][1], it seems important to monitor your database &quot;DTU&quot; usage to know whether to upgrade or downgrade to another tier.

When reading [Azure SQL Database Service Tiers and Performance Levels][2], it only talks about monitoring with CPU, Data and Log percentage usage.

But, when I add new metrics, I also have an **DTU percentage** option:

![Add Database Metrics][3]

I can&#39;t find any about this online.  Is this essentially a summary of the other DTU-related metrics?


  [1]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/sql-database/sql-database-purchase-models
  [2]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/sql-database/sql-database-service-tiers-dtu
  [3]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/BXH2g.png

Azure SQL Database &quot;DTU percentage&quot; metric

My plot is showing values on the y-axis in the form of e notation. Which command should I use to get the values in the numeric form. The values in the file used are in the numeric form?
Thanks

How to prevent scientific notation in R?

<p>My plot is showing values on the y-axis in the form of e notation. Which command should I use to get the values in the numeric form. The values in the file used are in the numeric form?
Thanks</p>


I would like to merge 2 vectors this way :

    a = c(1,2,3)
    b = c(11,12,13)
    merged vector : c(1,11,2,12,3,13)

How could I do it ?

How to merge 2 vectors alternating indexes?

I want to use `dplyr::mutate()` to create multiple new columns in a data frame. The column names and their contents should be dynamically generated.

Example data from iris:

    library(dplyr)
    iris &lt;- as_tibble(iris)

I&#39;ve created a function to mutate my new columns from the `Petal.Width` variable:

    multipetal &lt;- function(df, n) {
        varname &lt;- paste(&quot;petal&quot;, n , sep=&quot;.&quot;)
        df &lt;- mutate(df, varname = Petal.Width * n)  ## problem arises here
        df
    }

Now I create a loop to build my columns:

    for(i in 2:5) {
        iris &lt;- multipetal(df=iris, n=i)
    }

However, since mutate thinks varname is a literal variable name, the loop only creates one new variable (called varname) instead of four (called petal.2 - petal.5).

How can I get `mutate()` to use my dynamic name as variable name?

Use dynamic name for new column/variable in `dplyr`

I want to automate the generation of a number of ggplots:

Generic dataset:

    mydata&lt;-data.frame(matrix(rnorm(100),ncol=5))
    names(mydata)&lt;-c(&quot;Tijd&quot;,&quot;X1&quot;,&quot;X2&quot;,&quot;X3&quot;,&quot;X4&quot;) 

Specify variables to include:

    Start=2
    Stop=5

List to save the plots in:

    gvec&lt;-vector(&quot;list&quot;,length=length(Start:Stop))

Create plots:

    for(i in Start:Stop){
      graphy&lt;-ggplot(mydata,aes_string(x=&quot;Tijd&quot;,y=names(mydata)[i]))+geom_point()+mytheme
      gvec[[i-Start+1]]&lt;-graphy
    }

Save plots:

    for(i in Start:Stop){
    tiff(paste0(&quot;Test/Residu/Plots/Prei/mydata.&quot;,names(mydata)[i],&quot;09.14.tiff&quot;),width=720,height=720)
    gvec[[i-Start+1]]
    graphics.off()
    }

The list of plots is generated; I can save the plots manually as well. However, using the last loop the files generated are all blank. I can&#39;t figure out the reason for this. 

As per Roland&#39;s suggestion I tried
`print(gvec[[i-Start+1]])` but I still get blank files as output. 

Save multiple ggplots using a for loop

I&#39;m trying to follow [this pandoc example](http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/demo/example9/pandocs-markdown.html#yaml-metadata-block) to add multiple authors to an Rmarkdown file in the [yaml metadata block](http://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/authoring_pandoc_markdown.html#yaml-metadata-block). The pdf will generate in RStudio (Version 0.98.932), but there is no author information. 

    ---
    title:  &#39;This is the title: it contains a colon&#39;
    author:
    - name: Author One
      affiliation: University of Somewhere
    - name: Author Two
      affiliation: University of Nowhere
    date: &quot;`r format(Sys.time(), &#39;%d %B %Y&#39;)`&quot;
    tags: [nothing, nothingness]
    abstract: |
      This is the abstract.
    
      It consists of two paragraphs.
    output: pdf_document
    ---

I&#39;d also like to customize the heading a bit more and add a subtitle. Possible?

multiple authors and subtitles in Rmarkdown yaml

What are the alternatives for drawing a simple curve for a function like

    eq = function(x){x*x}

in R?

It sounds such an obvious question, but I could only find these related questions on stackoverflow, but they are all more specific

* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18162400/plot-line-function-in-r
*  https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1853703/plotting-functions-on-top-of-datapoints-in-r 
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20109257/how-can-i-plot-a-function-in-r-with-complex-numbers
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18737357/how-to-plot-a-simple-piecewise-linear-function
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4049674/draw-more-than-one-function-curves-in-the-same-plot

I hope I didn&#39;t write a duplicate question.




Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Gaurav Chawla	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - R	Paul Hiemstra	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - R	rnso	View Answer on Stackoverflow

How to prevent scientific notation in R?

R Problem Overview

R Solutions

Solution 1 - R

Solution 2 - R

Azure SQL Database "DTU percentage" metric

Mocking EF DbContext with Moq

Attributions