How to filter SQL results in a has-many-through relation
MysqlSqlPostgresqlSql Match-AllRelational DivisionMysql Problem Overview
Assuming I have the tables student
, club
, and student_club
:
student {
id
name
}
club {
id
name
}
student_club {
student_id
club_id
}
I want to know how to find all students in both the soccer (30) and baseball (50) club.
While this query doesn't work, it's the closest thing I have so far:
SELECT student.*
FROM student
INNER JOIN student_club sc ON student.id = sc.student_id
LEFT JOIN club c ON c.id = sc.club_id
WHERE c.id = 30 AND c.id = 50
Mysql Solutions
Solution 1 - Mysql
I was curious. And as we all know, curiosity has a reputation for killing cats.
So, which is the fastest way to skin a cat?
The cat-skinning environment for this test:
- PostgreSQL 9.0 on Debian Squeeze with decent RAM and settings.
- 6.000 students, 24.000 club memberships (data copied from a similar database with real life data.)
- Slight diversion from the naming schema in the question:
student.id
isstudent.stud_id
andclub.id
isclub.club_id
here. - I named the queries after their author in this thread.
- I ran all queries a couple of times to populate the cache, then I picked the best of 5 with
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
. - Relevant indexes (should be the optimum - as long as we lack fore-knowledge which clubs will be queried):
ALTER TABLE student ADD CONSTRAINT student_pkey PRIMARY KEY(stud_id );
ALTER TABLE student_club ADD CONSTRAINT sc_pkey PRIMARY KEY(stud_id, club_id);
ALTER TABLE club ADD CONSTRAINT club_pkey PRIMARY KEY(club_id );
CREATE INDEX sc_club_id_idx ON student_club (club_id);
club_pkey
is not required by most queries here.
Primary keys implement unique indexes automatically In PostgreSQL.
The last index is to make up for this known shortcoming of multi-column indexes on PostgreSQL:
> A multicolumn B-tree index can be used with query conditions that > involve any subset of the index's columns, but the index is most > efficient when there are constraints on the leading (leftmost) columns.
Results
Total runtimes from EXPLAIN ANALYZE
.
1) Martin 2: 44.594 ms
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student s
JOIN student_club sc USING (stud_id)
WHERE sc.club_id IN (30, 50)
GROUP BY 1,2
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;
2) Erwin 1: 33.217 ms
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student s
JOIN (
SELECT stud_id
FROM student_club
WHERE club_id IN (30, 50)
GROUP BY 1
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
) sc USING (stud_id);
3) Martin 1: 31.735 ms
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student s
WHERE student_id IN (
SELECT student_id
FROM student_club
WHERE club_id = 30
INTERSECT
SELECT stud_id
FROM student_club
WHERE club_id = 50
);
4) Derek: 2.287 ms
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student s
WHERE s.stud_id IN (SELECT stud_id FROM student_club WHERE club_id = 30)
AND s.stud_id IN (SELECT stud_id FROM student_club WHERE club_id = 50);
5) Erwin 2: 2.181 ms
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student s
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM student_club
WHERE stud_id = s.stud_id AND club_id = 30)
AND EXISTS (SELECT * FROM student_club
WHERE stud_id = s.stud_id AND club_id = 50);
6) Sean: 2.043 ms
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student s
JOIN student_club x ON s.stud_id = x.stud_id
JOIN student_club y ON s.stud_id = y.stud_id
WHERE x.club_id = 30
AND y.club_id = 50;
The last three perform pretty much the same. 4) and 5) result in the same query plan.
Late Additions
Fancy SQL, but the performance can't keep up:
7) ypercube 1: 148.649 ms
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student AS s
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM club AS c
WHERE c.club_id IN (30, 50)
AND NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM student_club AS sc
WHERE sc.stud_id = s.stud_id
AND sc.club_id = c.club_id
)
);
8) ypercube 2: 147.497 ms
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student AS s
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT 30 AS club_id
UNION ALL
SELECT 50
) AS c
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM student_club AS sc
WHERE sc.stud_id = s.stud_id
AND sc.club_id = c.club_id
)
);
As expected, those two perform almost the same. Query plan results in table scans, the planner doesn't find a way to use the indexes here.
9) wildplasser 1: 49.849 ms
WITH RECURSIVE two AS (
SELECT 1::int AS level
, stud_id
FROM student_club sc1
WHERE sc1.club_id = 30
UNION
SELECT two.level + 1 AS level
, sc2.stud_id
FROM student_club sc2
JOIN two USING (stud_id)
WHERE sc2.club_id = 50
AND two.level = 1
)
SELECT s.stud_id, s.student
FROM student s
JOIN two USING (studid)
WHERE two.level > 1;
Fancy SQL, decent performance for a CTE. Very exotic query plan.
10) wildplasser 2: 36.986 ms
WITH sc AS (
SELECT stud_id
FROM student_club
WHERE club_id IN (30,50)
GROUP BY stud_id
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
)
SELECT s.*
FROM student s
JOIN sc USING (stud_id);
CTE variant of query 2). Surprisingly, it can result in a slightly different query plan with the exact same data. I found a sequential scan on student
, where the subquery-variant used the index.
11) ypercube 3: 101.482 ms
Another late addition ypercube. It is positively amazing, how many ways there are.
SELECT s.stud_id, s.student
FROM student s
JOIN student_club sc USING (stud_id)
WHERE sc.club_id = 10 -- member in 1st club ...
AND NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT 14 AS club_id) AS c -- can't be excluded for missing the 2nd
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM student_club AS d
WHERE d.stud_id = sc.stud_id
AND d.club_id = c.club_id
)
);
12) erwin 3: 2.377 ms
ypercube's 11) is actually just the mind-twisting reverse approach of this simpler variant, that was also still missing. Performs almost as fast as the top cats.
SELECT s.*
FROM student s
JOIN student_club x USING (stud_id)
WHERE sc.club_id = 10 -- member in 1st club ...
AND EXISTS ( -- ... and membership in 2nd exists
SELECT *
FROM student_club AS y
WHERE y.stud_id = s.stud_id
AND y.club_id = 14
);
13) erwin 4: 2.375 ms
Hard to believe, but here's another, genuinely new variant. I see potential for more than two memberships, but it also ranks among the top cats with just two.
SELECT s.*
FROM student AS s
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM student_club AS x
JOIN student_club AS y USING (stud_id)
WHERE x.stud_id = s.stud_id
AND x.club_id = 14
AND y.club_id = 10
);
Dynamic number of club memberships
In other words: varying number of filters. This question asked for exactly two club memberships. But many use cases have to prepare for a varying number. See:
Solution 2 - Mysql
SELECT s.*
FROM student s
INNER JOIN student_club sc_soccer ON s.id = sc_soccer.student_id
INNER JOIN student_club sc_baseball ON s.id = sc_baseball.student_id
WHERE
sc_baseball.club_id = 50 AND
sc_soccer.club_id = 30
Solution 3 - Mysql
select *
from student
where id in (select student_id from student_club where club_id = 30)
and id in (select student_id from student_club where club_id = 50)
Solution 4 - Mysql
If you just want student_id then:
Select student_id
from student_club
where club_id in ( 30, 50 )
group by student_id
having count( student_id ) = 2
If you also need name from student then:
Select student_id, name
from student s
where exists( select *
from student_club sc
where s.student_id = sc.student_id
and club_id in ( 30, 50 )
group by sc.student_id
having count( sc.student_id ) = 2 )
If you have more than two clubs in a club_selection table then:
Select student_id, name
from student s
where exists( select *
from student_club sc
where s.student_id = sc.student_id
and exists( select *
from club_selection cs
where sc.club_id = cs.club_id )
group by sc.student_id
having count( sc.student_id ) = ( select count( * )
from club_selection ) )
Solution 5 - Mysql
SELECT *
FROM student
WHERE id IN (SELECT student_id
FROM student_club
WHERE club_id = 30
INTERSECT
SELECT student_id
FROM student_club
WHERE club_id = 50)
Or a more general solution easier to extend to n
clubs and that avoids INTERSECT
(not available in MySQL) and IN
(as performance of this sucks in MySQL)
SELECT s.id,
s.name
FROM student s
join student_club sc
ON s.id = sc.student_id
WHERE sc.club_id IN ( 30, 50 )
GROUP BY s.id,
s.name
HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT sc.club_id) = 2
Solution 6 - Mysql
So there's more than one way to skin a cat.
I'll to add two more to make it, well, more complete.
###1) GROUP first, JOIN later
Assuming a sane data model where (student_id, club_id)
is unique in student_club
.
Martin Smith's second version is like somewhat similar, but he joins first, groups later. This should be faster:
SELECT s.id, s.name
FROM student s
JOIN (
SELECT student_id
FROM student_club
WHERE club_id IN (30, 50)
GROUP BY 1
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
) sc USING (student_id);
###2) EXISTS
And of course, there is the classic EXISTS
. Similar to Derek's variant with IN
. Simple and fast. (In MySQL, this should be quite a bit faster than the variant with IN
):
SELECT s.id, s.name
FROM student s
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM student_club
WHERE student_id = s.student_id AND club_id = 30)
AND EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM student_club
WHERE student_id = s.student_id AND club_id = 50);
Solution 7 - Mysql
Another CTE. It looks clean, but it will probably generate the same plan as a groupby in a normal subquery.
WITH two AS (
SELECT student_id FROM tmp.student_club
WHERE club_id IN (30,50)
GROUP BY student_id
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
)
SELECT st.* FROM tmp.student st
JOIN two ON (two.student_id=st.id)
;
For those who want to test, a copy of my generate testdata thingy:
DROP SCHEMA tmp CASCADE;
CREATE SCHEMA tmp;
CREATE TABLE tmp.student
( id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
, sname VARCHAR
);
CREATE TABLE tmp.club
( id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
, cname VARCHAR
);
CREATE TABLE tmp.student_club
( student_id INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES tmp.student(id)
, club_id INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES tmp.club(id)
);
INSERT INTO tmp.student(id)
SELECT generate_series(1,1000)
;
INSERT INTO tmp.club(id)
SELECT generate_series(1,100)
;
INSERT INTO tmp.student_club(student_id,club_id)
SELECT st.id , cl.id
FROM tmp.student st, tmp.club cl
;
DELETE FROM tmp.student_club
WHERE random() < 0.8
;
UPDATE tmp.student SET sname = 'Student#' || id::text ;
UPDATE tmp.club SET cname = 'Soccer' WHERE id = 30;
UPDATE tmp.club SET cname = 'Baseball' WHERE id = 50;
ALTER TABLE tmp.student_club
ADD PRIMARY KEY (student_id,club_id)
;
Solution 8 - Mysql
Since noone has added this (classic) version:
SELECT s.*
FROM student AS s
WHERE NOT EXISTS
( SELECT *
FROM club AS c
WHERE c.id IN (30, 50)
AND NOT EXISTS
( SELECT *
FROM student_club AS sc
WHERE sc.student_id = s.id
AND sc.club_id = c.id
)
)
or similar:
SELECT s.*
FROM student AS s
WHERE NOT EXISTS
( SELECT *
FROM
( SELECT 30 AS club_id
UNION ALL
SELECT 50
) AS c
WHERE NOT EXISTS
( SELECT *
FROM student_club AS sc
WHERE sc.student_id = s.id
AND sc.club_id = c.club_id
)
)
One more try with a slightly different approach. Inspired by an article in Explain Extended: Multiple attributes in a EAV table: GROUP BY vs. NOT EXISTS:
SELECT s.*
FROM student_club AS sc
JOIN student AS s
ON s.student_id = sc.student_id
WHERE sc.club_id = 50 --- one option here
AND NOT EXISTS
( SELECT *
FROM
( SELECT 30 AS club_id --- all the rest in here
--- as in previous query
) AS c
WHERE NOT EXISTS
( SELECT *
FROM student_club AS scc
WHERE scc.student_id = sc.id
AND scc.club_id = c.club_id
)
)
Another approach:
SELECT s.stud_id
FROM student s
EXCEPT
SELECT stud_id
FROM
( SELECT s.stud_id, c.club_id
FROM student s
CROSS JOIN (VALUES (30),(50)) c (club_id)
EXCEPT
SELECT stud_id, club_id
FROM student_club
WHERE club_id IN (30, 50) -- optional. Not needed but may affect performance
) x ;
Solution 9 - Mysql
WITH RECURSIVE two AS
( SELECT 1::integer AS level
, student_id
FROM tmp.student_club sc0
WHERE sc0.club_id = 30
UNION
SELECT 1+two.level AS level
, sc1.student_id
FROM tmp.student_club sc1
JOIN two ON (two.student_id = sc1.student_id)
WHERE sc1.club_id = 50
AND two.level=1
)
SELECT st.* FROM tmp.student st
JOIN two ON (two.student_id=st.id)
WHERE two.level> 1
;
This seems to perform reasonably well, since the CTE-scan avoids the need for two separate subqueries.
There is always a reason to misuse recursive queries!
(BTW: mysql does not seem to have recursive queries)
Solution 10 - Mysql
Different query plans in query 2) and 10)
I tested in a real life db, so the names differ from the catskin list. It's a backup copy, so nothing changed during all test runs (except minor changes to the catalogs).
Query 2)
SELECT a.*
FROM ef.adr a
JOIN (
SELECT adr_id
FROM ef.adratt
WHERE att_id IN (10,14)
GROUP BY adr_id
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1) t using (adr_id);
Merge Join (cost=630.10..1248.78 rows=627 width=295) (actual time=13.025..34.726 rows=67 loops=1)
Merge Cond: (a.adr_id = adratt.adr_id)
-> Index Scan using adr_pkey on adr a (cost=0.00..523.39 rows=5767 width=295) (actual time=0.023..11.308 rows=5356 loops=1)
-> Sort (cost=630.10..636.37 rows=627 width=4) (actual time=12.891..13.004 rows=67 loops=1)
Sort Key: adratt.adr_id
Sort Method: quicksort Memory: 28kB
-> HashAggregate (cost=450.87..488.49 rows=627 width=4) (actual time=12.386..12.710 rows=67 loops=1)
Filter: (count(*) > 1)
-> Bitmap Heap Scan on adratt (cost=97.66..394.81 rows=2803 width=4) (actual time=0.245..5.958 rows=2811 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (att_id = ANY ('{10,14}'::integer[]))
-> Bitmap Index Scan on adratt_att_id_idx (cost=0.00..94.86 rows=2803 width=0) (actual time=0.217..0.217 rows=2811 loops=1)
Index Cond: (att_id = ANY ('{10,14}'::integer[]))
Total runtime: 34.928 ms
Query 10)
WITH two AS (
SELECT adr_id
FROM ef.adratt
WHERE att_id IN (10,14)
GROUP BY adr_id
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
)
SELECT a.*
FROM ef.adr a
JOIN two using (adr_id);
Hash Join (cost=1161.52..1261.84 rows=627 width=295) (actual time=36.188..37.269 rows=67 loops=1)
Hash Cond: (two.adr_id = a.adr_id)
CTE two
-> HashAggregate (cost=450.87..488.49 rows=627 width=4) (actual time=13.059..13.447 rows=67 loops=1)
Filter: (count(*) > 1)
-> Bitmap Heap Scan on adratt (cost=97.66..394.81 rows=2803 width=4) (actual time=0.252..6.252 rows=2811 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (att_id = ANY ('{10,14}'::integer[]))
-> Bitmap Index Scan on adratt_att_id_idx (cost=0.00..94.86 rows=2803 width=0) (actual time=0.226..0.226 rows=2811 loops=1)
Index Cond: (att_id = ANY ('{10,14}'::integer[]))
-> CTE Scan on two (cost=0.00..50.16 rows=627 width=4) (actual time=13.065..13.677 rows=67 loops=1)
-> Hash (cost=384.68..384.68 rows=5767 width=295) (actual time=23.097..23.097 rows=5767 loops=1)
Buckets: 1024 Batches: 1 Memory Usage: 1153kB
-> Seq Scan on adr a (cost=0.00..384.68 rows=5767 width=295) (actual time=0.005..10.955 rows=5767 loops=1)
Total runtime: 37.482 ms
Solution 11 - Mysql
@erwin-brandstetter Please, benchmark this:
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student s, student_club x, student_club y
WHERE x.club_id = 30
AND s.stud_id = x.stud_id
AND y.club_id = 50
AND s.stud_id = y.stud_id;
It's like number 6) by @sean , just cleaner, I guess.
Solution 12 - Mysql
-- EXPLAIN ANALYZE
WITH two AS (
SELECT c0.student_id
FROM tmp.student_club c0
, tmp.student_club c1
WHERE c0.student_id = c1.student_id
AND c0.club_id = 30
AND c1.club_id = 50
)
SELECT st.* FROM tmp.student st
JOIN two ON (two.student_id=st.id)
;
The query plan:
Hash Join (cost=1904.76..1919.09 rows=337 width=15) (actual time=6.937..8.771 rows=324 loops=1)
Hash Cond: (two.student_id = st.id)
CTE two
-> Hash Join (cost=849.97..1645.76 rows=337 width=4) (actual time=4.932..6.488 rows=324 loops=1)
Hash Cond: (c1.student_id = c0.student_id)
-> Bitmap Heap Scan on student_club c1 (cost=32.76..796.94 rows=1614 width=4) (actual time=0.667..1.835 rows=1646 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (club_id = 50)
-> Bitmap Index Scan on sc_club_id_idx (cost=0.00..32.36 rows=1614 width=0) (actual time=0.473..0.473 rows=1646 loops=1)
Index Cond: (club_id = 50)
-> Hash (cost=797.00..797.00 rows=1617 width=4) (actual time=4.203..4.203 rows=1620 loops=1)
Buckets: 1024 Batches: 1 Memory Usage: 57kB
-> Bitmap Heap Scan on student_club c0 (cost=32.79..797.00 rows=1617 width=4) (actual time=0.663..3.596 rows=1620 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (club_id = 30)
-> Bitmap Index Scan on sc_club_id_idx (cost=0.00..32.38 rows=1617 width=0) (actual time=0.469..0.469 rows=1620 loops=1)
Index Cond: (club_id = 30)
-> CTE Scan on two (cost=0.00..6.74 rows=337 width=4) (actual time=4.935..6.591 rows=324 loops=1)
-> Hash (cost=159.00..159.00 rows=8000 width=15) (actual time=1.979..1.979 rows=8000 loops=1)
Buckets: 1024 Batches: 1 Memory Usage: 374kB
-> Seq Scan on student st (cost=0.00..159.00 rows=8000 width=15) (actual time=0.093..0.759 rows=8000 loops=1)
Total runtime: 8.989 ms
(20 rows)
So it still seems to want the seq scan on student.
Solution 13 - Mysql
SELECT s.stud_id, s.name
FROM student s,
(
select x.stud_id from
student_club x
JOIN student_club y ON x.stud_id = y.stud_id
WHERE x.club_id = 30
AND y.club_id = 50
) tmp_tbl
where tmp_tbl.stud_id = s.stud_id
;
Use of fastest variant (Mr. Sean in Mr. Brandstetter chart). May be variant with only one join to only the student_club matrix has the right to live. So, the longest query will have only two columns to calculate, idea is to make the query thin.