This works:

    python -c &#39;print(&quot;Hi&quot;)&#39;
    Hi

From the manual, `man python`:

&gt;        -c command
&gt;               Specify  the command to execute (see next section).  This termi-
&gt;               nates the option list (following options are passed as arguments
&gt;               to the command).


Another way is to you use bash redirection:

    python &lt;&lt;&lt; &#39;print &quot;Hi&quot;&#39;

And this works also with perl, ruby, and what not.

p.s.

To save quote &#39; and &quot; for  python code, we can build the block with EOF

    c=`cat &lt;&lt;EOF
    print(122)
    EOF`
    python -c &quot;$c&quot;

A &#39;[heredoc][1]&#39; can be used to directly feed a script into the python interpreter:

    python &lt;&lt;HEREDOC
    import sys
    for p in sys.path:
      print(p)
    HEREDOC
    
    
    /usr/lib64/python36.zip
    /usr/lib64/python3.6
    /usr/lib64/python3.6/lib-dynload
    /home/username/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages
    /usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages
    /usr/lib64/python3.6/site-packages
    /usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages


  [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_document

Another way is to use the [`e` module](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/e)

eg.

    $ python -me 1 + 1
    2

For an example, I would like to select id with max date group by category,
the result is: 7, 2, 6

    id  category  date
    1   a         2013-01-01
    2   b         2013-01-03
    3   c         2013-01-02
    4   a         2013-01-02
    5   b         2013-01-02
    6   c         2013-01-03
    7   a         2013-01-03
    8   b         2013-01-01
    9   c         2013-01-01

 
May I know how to do this in PostgreSQL?

How to select id with max date group by category in PostgreSQL?

I can **plot** in **Python** using either:

    import matplotlib
    matplotlib.pyplot.plot(...)

Or:

    import pylab
    pylab.plot(...)

Both of these use `matplotlib`.

Which is recommend as the correct method to plot? Why?

Which is the recommended way to plot: matplotlib or pylab?

Is there a Python argument to execute code from the shell without starting up an interactive interpreter or reading from a file? 
Something similar to:


    perl -e &#39;print &quot;Hi&quot;&#39;

How to execute Python inline from a bash shell

Is there a Python argument to execute code from the shell without starting up an interactive interpreter or reading from a file?
Something similar to:
<pre><code class="hljs language-rust">perl -e 'print "Hi"'
</code></pre>

I have this text file made up of numbers and words, for example like this - `09807754 18 n 03 aristocrat 0 blue_blood 0 patrician` and I want to split it so that each word or number will come up as a new line. 

A whitespace separator would be ideal as I would like the words with the dashes to stay connected.

This is what I have so far: 

    f = open(&#39;words.txt&#39;, &#39;r&#39;)
    for word in f:
        print(word)

not really sure how to go from here, I would like this to be the output:

    09807754
    18
    n
    3
    aristocrat
    ...


Reading a text file and splitting it into single words in python

I have a dataframe in pandas which I would like to write to a CSV file. 

I am doing this using:

    df.to_csv(&#39;out.csv&#39;)

And getting the following error:

    UnicodeEncodeError: &#39;ascii&#39; codec can&#39;t encode character u&#39;\u03b1&#39; in position 20: ordinal not in range(128)

* Is there any way to get around this easily (i.e. I have unicode characters in my data frame)? 
* And is there a way to write to a tab delimited file instead of a CSV using e.g. a &#39;to-tab&#39; method (that I don&#39;t think exists)?

Writing a pandas DataFrame to CSV file

Is there any difference at all between both approaches?

    &gt;&gt;&gt; os.getenv(&#39;TERM&#39;)
    &#39;xterm&#39;
    &gt;&gt;&gt; os.environ.get(&#39;TERM&#39;)
    &#39;xterm&#39;

    &gt;&gt;&gt; os.getenv(&#39;FOOBAR&#39;, &quot;not found&quot;) == &quot;not found&quot;
    True
    &gt;&gt;&gt; os.environ.get(&#39;FOOBAR&#39;, &quot;not found&quot;) == &quot;not found&quot;
    True

They seem to have the exact same functionality.


Difference between os.getenv and os.environ.get

I want to generate different/unique id per request in django from models field. I did this but I keep getting the same id.

    class Paid(models.Model):
         user=models.ForeignKey(User)
         eyw_transactionref=models.CharField(max_length=100, null=True, blank=True, unique=True, default=uuid.uuid4()) #want to generate new unique id from this field
 
         def __unicode__(self):
            return self.user

Generate unique id in django from a model field

I&#39;m trying to convert an integer to binary using the bin() function in Python. However, it always removes the leading zeros, which I actually need, such that the result is always 8-bit:

Example:

    bin(1) -&gt; 0b1

    # What I would like:
    bin(1) -&gt; 0b00000001

Is there a way of doing this?



Convert to binary and keep leading zeros

I&#39;m trying to base64 encode an image in a shell script and put it into variable:

    test=&quot;$(printf DSC_0251.JPG | base64)&quot;
    echo $test
    RFNDXzAyNTEuSlBH

I&#39;ve also tried something like this:

    test=\`echo -ne DSC_0251.JPG | base64\`

but still with no success. 

I want to do something like this:

    curl -v -X POST -d &#39;{&quot;image&quot;:$IMAGE_BASE64,&quot;location&quot;:$LOCATION,&quot;time_created&quot;:$TIMECREATED}&#39; -H &#39;Content-type: text/plain; charset=UTF8&#39; http://192.168.1.1/upload

I found this http://www.zzzxo.com/q/answers-bash-base64-encode-script-not-encoding-right-12290484.html

but still have had no success.

How to base64 encode image in linux bash / shell

I&#39;m writing a shell script, and I&#39;m trying to check if the output of a command contains a certain string. I&#39;m thinking I probably have to use grep, but I&#39;m not sure how. Does anyone know?

Checking if output of a command contains a certain string in a shell script

I launched my program in the foreground (a daemon program), and then I killed it with `kill -9`, but I get a zombie remaining and I m not able to kill it with `kill -9`. How to kill a zombie process?

If the zombie is a dead process (already killed), how I remove it from the output of `ps aux`?

    root@OpenWrt:~# anyprogramd &amp;
    root@OpenWrt:~# ps aux | grep anyprogram
     1163 root      2552 S    anyprogramd
     1167 root      2552 S    anyprogramd
     1169 root      2552 S    anyprogramd
     1170 root      2552 S    anyprogramd
    10101 root       944 S    grep anyprogram
    root@OpenWrt:~# pidof anyprogramd
    1170 1169 1167 1163
    root@OpenWrt:~# kill -9 1170 1169 1167 1163
    root@OpenWrt:~# ps aux |grep anyprogram
     1163 root         0 Z    [anyprogramd]
    root@OpenWrt:~# kill -9 1163
    root@OpenWrt:~# ps aux |grep anyprogram
     1163 root         0 Z    [anyprogramd]



How to kill zombie process

###I made two test bash scripts on Linux to make the problem clear. 

####*TestScript1 looks like:*####

        echo &quot;TestScript1 Arguments:&quot;
        echo &quot;$1&quot;
        echo &quot;$2&quot;
        echo &quot;$#&quot;
        ./testscript2 $1 $2

####*TestScript2 looks like:*####

        echo &quot;TestScript2 Arguments received from TestScript1:&quot;
        echo &quot;$1&quot;
        echo &quot;$2&quot;
        echo &quot;$#&quot;

####*When i execute testscript1 in the following way:*####

        ./testscript1 &quot;Firstname Lastname&quot; testmail@domain.com  


  
####*The desired Output should be:*  

        TestScript1 Arguments:  
        Firstname Lastname  
        testmail@domain.com  
        2
        TestScript2 Arguments received from TestScript1:  
        Firstname Lastname  
        testmail@domain.com  
        2  

####*But the actual output is:*####


        TestScript1 Arguments:  
        Firstname Lastname  
        testmail@domain.com  
        2
        TestScript2 Arguments received from TestScript1:  
        Firstname
        Lastname      
        3  

How do i solve this problem? I want to get the desired output instead of the actual output. 

Calling one Bash script from another Script passing it arguments with quotes and spaces

I am passing argument in Expect through the command line in a shell script.

I tried this  

    #!/usr/bin/expect -f
        
    set arg1 [lindex $argv 0]
        
    spawn lockdis -p
    expect &quot;password:&quot; {send &quot;$arg1\r&quot;}
    expect &quot;password:&quot; {send &quot;$arg1\r&quot;}
    expect &quot;$ &quot;

But it&#39;s not working. How can I fix it?





How to pass argument in Expect through the command line in a shell script

Having an issue sending an image via email as an embedded image in the body.
The image file shows as an attachment which is ok but the inline image portion just shows as a red x.

Here is what I have so far

    LinkedResource inline = new LinkedResource(filePath);
    inline.ContentId = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
    MailMessage mail = new MailMessage();
    Attachment att = new Attachment(filePath);
    att.ContentDisposition.Inline = true;
    mail.From = from_email;
    mail.To.Add(data.email);
    mail.Subject = &quot;Client: &quot; + data.client_id + &quot; Has Sent You A Screenshot&quot;;
    mail.Body = String.Format(
        &quot;&lt;h3&gt;Client: &quot; + data.client_id + &quot; Has Sent You A Screenshot&lt;/h3&gt;&quot; +
        @&quot;&lt;img src=&quot;&quot;cid:{0}&quot;&quot; /&gt;&quot;, inline.ContentId);

    mail.IsBodyHtml = true;
    mail.Attachments.Add(att);

Send inline image in email

I am getting a really odd error from GCC 4.8.1 with inline functions.

I have two near-identical inline functions defined in header files (`debug.h` and `error.h`) in `src/include/`, with the only difference being what they print - one prefixes `DEBUG: ` to the message, and the other `%s: error: %s` (program name, error message). When defining the functions both inline, and compiling a debug build (so it sets the macro `DEBUG=1`), I get lots of undefined reference errors:

    src/main_debug.o
      gcc -osrc/main_debug.o src/main.c -c -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -std=gnu11 -march=native -Og -g -DCC=&quot;\&quot;gcc\&quot;&quot; -DCFLAGS=&quot;\&quot;-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -std=gnu11 -march=native -Og -g\&quot;&quot; -DDEBUG=1 -DBTCWATCH_VERSION=&quot;\&quot;0.0.1\&quot;&quot;
    
    src/lib/btcapi_debug.o
      gcc -osrc/lib/btcapi_debug.o src/lib/btcapi.c -c -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -std=gnu11 -march=native -Og -g -DCC=&quot;\&quot;gcc\&quot;&quot; -DCFLAGS=&quot;\&quot;-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -std=gnu11 -march=native -Og -g\&quot;&quot; -DDEBUG=1
    
    src/lib/libbtcapi_debug.a
      ar rc src/lib/libbtcapi_debug.a src/lib/btcapi_debug.o
      ranlib src/lib/libbtcapi_debug.a
    
    src/lib/cmdlineutils_debug.o
      gcc -o src/lib/cmdlineutils_debug.o src/lib/cmdlineutils.c -c -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -std=gnu11 -march=native -Og -g -DCC=&quot;\&quot;gcc\&quot;&quot; -DCFLAGS=&quot;\&quot;-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -std=gnu11 -march=native -Og -g\&quot;&quot; -DDEBUG=1
    
    src/lib/libcmdlineutils_debug.a
      ar rc src/lib/libcmdlineutils_debug.a src/lib/cmdlineutils_debug.o
      ranlib src/lib/libcmdlineutils_debug.a
    
    debug
      gcc -obtcwatch-debug src/main_debug.o -Lsrc/lib/ -lbtcapi_debug -lcmdlineutils_debug -lcurl  -ljansson 
    src/main_debug.o: In function `main&#39;:
    /home/marcoms/btcwatch/src/main.c:148: undefined reference to `debug&#39;
    src/main_debug.o:/home/marcoms/btcwatch/src/main.c:185: more undefined references to `debug&#39; follow
    collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
    make: *** [debug] Error 1

But changing `debug()`&#39;s definition to `static inline` removes the errors. But I have never received any errors from `error()`&#39;s definition, although its defenition is `inline`, and not `static inline`.

The definitions are all in headers (i.e. not prototyped)

undefined reference when calling inline function

I believed, `inline` was obsolete because I read [here](https://isocpp.org/wiki/faq/inline-functions):

&gt; No matter how you designate a function as `inline`, it is a request that the compiler is allowed to ignore: the compiler might inline-expand some, all, or none of the places where you call a function designated as `inline`.

However, [Angew](https://stackoverflow.com/users/1782465/angew) seems to understand something I don&#39;t. In [this question](https://stackoverflow.com/q/29771146/2642059) he and I go back and forth quite a bit, on whether `inline` is still useful.

This question is *not* a question on:

 * The historical use of `inline` or where `inline` could still be used to hint to the compiler to `inline` functions: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1759300/when-should-i-write-the-keyword-inline-for-a-function-method.
 * The benefits or drawbacks of inlining function code: https://stackoverflow.com/q/145838/2642059
 * Forcing the compiler to `inline` function code: https://stackoverflow.com/q/13228326/2642059

Bearing in mind that the compiler can `inline` at will, so `inline` is not helpful there: **Where can `inline` be used to force, *not suggest*, a change in compiled code?**

Is there still a use for inline?

I read several questions in stackoverflow about `inline` in C but still am not clear about it.

 1. `static inline void f(void) {}` has no practical difference with `static void f(void) {}`.
 2. `inline void f(void) {}` in C doesn&#39;t work as the C++ way. How does it work in C?
 3. What actually does `extern inline void f(void);` do?

I never really found a use of the `inline` keyword in my C programs, and when I see this keyword in other people&#39;s code, it&#39;s almost always `static inline`, in which I see no difference with just `static`.

What is the use of the `inline` keyword in C?

I am trying to simplify the following code.

The basic steps that the code should carry out are as follows:

 1. Assign String a default value 
 2. Run a method 
 3. If the method returns a null/empty string leave the String as default 
 4. If the method returns a valid string set the String to this result

A Simple example would be:

        String temp = System.getProperty(&quot;XYZ&quot;);
        String result = &quot;default&quot;;
        if(temp != null &amp;&amp; !temp.isEmpty()){
            result = temp;
        }
I have made another attemp using a ternary operator:

        String temp;
        String result = isNotNullOrEmpty(temp = System.getProperty(&quot;XYZ&quot;)) ? temp : &quot;default&quot;;

The isNotNullOrEmpty() Method

     private static boolean isNotNullOrEmpty(String str){
        return (str != null &amp;&amp; !str.isEmpty());
    }

Is it possible to do all of this in-line? I know I could do something like this:

    String result = isNotNullOrEmpty(System.getProperty(&quot;XYZ&quot;)) ? System.getProperty(&quot;XYZ&quot;) : &quot;default&quot;;

But I am calling the same method twice. I would be something like to do something like this (which doesn&#39;t work):

    String result = isNotNullOrEmpty(String temp = System.getProperty(&quot;XYZ&quot;)) ? temp : &quot;default&quot;;

I would like to initialize the &#39;temp&#39; String within the same line. Is this possible? Or what should I be doing?

Thank you for your suggestions.

Tim

Java - Check Not Null/Empty else assign default value

I wrote a program in IDLE to tokenize text files and it starts to tokeniza 349 text files! How can I stop it? How can I stop a running Python program?

How to stop/terminate a python script from running?

There is [simple Eclipse plugin](https://github.com/Nodeclipse/nodeclipse-1/tree/master/org.nodeclipse.enide.gradle) to run Gradle, that just uses command line way to launch gradle.

What is gradle analog for maven compile and run
`mvn compile exec:java -Dexec.mainClass=example.Example`

This way any project with `gradle.build` could be run.

UPDATE: There was similar question https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16350757/what-is-the-gradle-equivalent-of-mavens-exec-plugin-for-running-java-apps?rq=1 asked before, but solution suggested altering every project `build.gradle`

	package runclass;
	
	public class RunClass {
		public static void main(String[] args) {
			System.out.println(&quot;app is running!&quot;);
		}
	}

Then executing `gradle run -DmainClass=runclass.RunClass`

	:run FAILED

	FAILURE: Build failed with an exception.

	* What went wrong:
	Execution failed for task &#39;:run&#39;.
	&gt; No main class specified	

Gradle to execute Java class (without modifying build.gradle)

What is the predefined order in which the clauses are executed in MySQL? Is some of it decided at run time, and is this order correct?

 - `FROM clause`
 - `WHERE clause` 
 - `GROUP BY clause`
 - `HAVING clause` 
 - `SELECT clause` 
 - `ORDER BY clause`

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Sean	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	Mike Müller	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Python	michaelmeyer	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Python	awltux	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - Python	John La Rooy	View Answer on Stackoverflow

How to execute Python inline from a bash shell

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Solution 2 - Python

Solution 3 - Python

Solution 4 - Python

Which is the recommended way to plot: matplotlib or pylab?

How to select id with max date group by category in PostgreSQL?

Attributions