One trick is to turn on the rewrite log. To turn it on, try this line in your Apache HTTP Server main configuration or current virtual host file (**not** in `.htaccess`):

    LogLevel alert rewrite:trace6

Before Apache [httpd 2.4 mod_rewrite][1], such a per-module logging configuration did not exist yet. Instead you could use the following logging settings:

    RewriteEngine On
    RewriteLog &quot;/var/log/apache2/rewrite.log&quot;
    RewriteLogLevel 3

  [1]: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_rewrite.html#logging





The RewriteLog directive as [mentioned by Ben][1] is not available any more in Apache 2.4.

You need to use the LogLevel directive instead. E.g.,

    LogLevel alert rewrite:trace6

See *[Apache Module mod_rewrite, Logging][2]*.

  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9632852/how-to-debug-apache-mod-rewrite/9632952#9632952
  [2]: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_rewrite.html#logging




For basic URL resolution, use a command line fetcher like `wget` or `curl` to do the testing, rather than a manual browser. Then you don&#39;t have to clear any cache; just &lt;kbd&gt;up arrow&lt;/kbd&gt; and press &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; in a shell to rerun your test fetches.



There&#39;s the [htaccess tester](http://htaccess.madewithlove.be/).

It shows which conditions were tested for a certain URL, which ones met the criteria and which rules got executed.

It seems to have some glitches, though.

Based on [Ben&#39;s answer][1], you could do the following when running Apache  on Linux (Debian in my case).

First create the file *rewrite-log.load*.

**/etc/apache2/mods-availabe/rewrite-log.load**

    RewriteLog &quot;/var/log/apache2/rewrite.log&quot;
    RewriteLogLevel 3


Then enter

&gt; $ a2enmod rewrite-log

followed by

&gt; $ service apache2 restart

And when you are finished with debugging your rewrite rules,

&gt; $ a2dismod rewrite-log &amp;&amp; service apache2 restart

  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/a/9632952/194894


I have written a simple Java class to generate the hash values of the Windows Calculator file.  I am using `Windows 7 Professional with SP1`.  I have tried `Java 6.0.29` and `Java 7.0.03`.  Can someone tell me why I am getting different hash values from Java versus (many!) external utilities and/or websites?  Everything external matches with each other, only Java is returning different results.

    import java.io.File;
    import java.io.FileInputStream;
    import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
    import java.util.Map;
    import java.util.Map.Entry;
    import java.util.zip.CRC32;
    import java.security.DigestInputStream;
    import java.security.MessageDigest;
    import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
    
    public class Checksum 
    {
        private static int size = 65536;
        private static File calc = new File(&quot;C:/Windows/system32/calc.exe&quot;);
    
        /*
            C:\Windows\System32\calc.exe (verified via several different utilities)
            ----------------------------
            CRC-32b = 8D8F5F8E
            MD5     = 60B7C0FEAD45F2066E5B805A91F4F0FC
            SHA-1   = 9018A7D6CDBE859A430E8794E73381F77C840BE0
            SHA-256 = 80C10EE5F21F92F89CBC293A59D2FD4C01C7958AACAD15642558DB700943FA22
            SHA-384 = 551186C804C17B4CCDA07FD5FE83A32B48B4D173DAC3262F16489029894FC008A501B50AB9B53158B429031B043043D2
            SHA-512 = 68B9F9C00FC64DF946684CE81A72A2624F0FC07E07C0C8B3DB2FAE8C9C0415BD1B4A03AD7FFA96985AF0CC5E0410F6C5E29A30200EFFF21AB4B01369A3C59B58
        
    
            Results from this class
            -----------------------
            CRC-32  = 967E5DDE
            MD5     = 10E4A1D2132CCB5C6759F038CDB6F3C9
            SHA-1   = 42D36EEB2140441B48287B7CD30B38105986D68F
            SHA-256 = C6A91CBA00BF87CDB064C49ADAAC82255CBEC6FDD48FD21F9B3B96ABF019916B    
        */    
    
        public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception {
            Map&lt;String, String&gt; hashes = getFileHash(calc);
            for (Map.Entry&lt;String, String&gt; entry : hashes.entrySet()) {
                System.out.println(String.format(&quot;%-7s = %s&quot;, entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()));
            }
        }
        
        private static Map&lt;String, String&gt; getFileHash(File file) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
            Map&lt;String, String&gt; results = new LinkedHashMap&lt;String, String&gt;();
    
            if (file != null &amp;&amp; file.exists()) {
                CRC32 crc32 = new CRC32();
                MessageDigest md5 = MessageDigest.getInstance(&quot;MD5&quot;);
                MessageDigest sha1 = MessageDigest.getInstance(&quot;SHA-1&quot;);
                MessageDigest sha256 = MessageDigest.getInstance(&quot;SHA-256&quot;);
                
                FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
                byte data[] = new byte[size];
                int len = 0;
                while ((len = fis.read(data)) != -1) {
                    crc32.update(data, 0, len);
                    md5.update(data, 0, len);
                    sha1.update(data, 0, len);
                    sha256.update(data, 0, len);
                }
                fis.close();
    
                results.put(&quot;CRC-32&quot;, toHex(crc32.getValue()));
                results.put(md5.getAlgorithm(), toHex(md5.digest()));
                results.put(sha1.getAlgorithm(), toHex(sha1.digest()));
                results.put(sha256.getAlgorithm(), toHex(sha256.digest()));
            }
            return results;
        }
    
        private static String toHex(byte[] bytes) {
            String result = &quot;&quot;;
            if (bytes != null) {
                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(bytes.length * 2);
                for (byte element : bytes) {
                    if ((element &amp; 0xff) &lt; 0x10) {
                        sb.append(&quot;0&quot;);
                    }
                    sb.append(Long.toString(element &amp; 0xff, 16));
                }
                result = sb.toString().toUpperCase();
            }
            return result;
        }
    
        private static String toHex(long value) {
            return Long.toHexString(value).toUpperCase();
        }
    
    }

Different results with Java&#39;s digest versus external utilities

With the new standard, there are new ways of doing things, and many are nicer than the old ways, but the old way is still fine.  It&#39;s also clear that the new standard doesn&#39;t officially deprecate very much, for backward compatibility reasons.  So the question that remains is:

What old ways of coding are definitely inferior to C++11 styles, and what can we now do instead?

In answering this, you may skip the obvious things like &quot;use auto variables&quot;.

Which C++ idioms are deprecated in C++11?

I have two main problems with mod_rewrite:

1) There is no meaningful error reported when I have an invalid rule

    ![Enter image description here][1]

2) To reliably test each modification, I have to erase Google Chrome&#39;s cache. This isn&#39;t rocket science, but I have to hit &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;Delete&lt;/kbd&gt;, click &lt;kbd&gt;OK&lt;/kbd&gt;, and close the window, and reload.

I&#39;d like to see if any of the gurus are willing to share their secrets to efficiently managing mod_rewrite code.

  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/g3Jte.jpg


How to debug Apache mod_rewrite

I have two main problems with mod_rewrite:
<ol>
<li>
There is no meaningful error reported when I have an invalid rule
<img src="http://i.stack.imgur.com/g3Jte.jpg" alt="Enter image description here">
</li>
<li>
To reliably test each modification, I have to erase Google Chrome's cache. This isn't rocket science, but I have to hit <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>Shift</kbd> + <kbd>Delete</kbd>, click <kbd>OK</kbd>, and close the window, and reload.
</li>
</ol>
I'd like to see if any of the gurus are willing to share their secrets to efficiently managing mod_rewrite code.

I&#39;m new to Apache Camel. Can someone explain what &quot;direct:start&quot; means in Camel. 
Please see 

https://camel.apache.org/components/latest/http-component.html

    from(&quot;direct:start&quot;)
    .to(&quot;http://myhost/mypath&quot;);

Thanks. 

Apache Camel : &quot;direct:start&quot; endpoint - what does it mean?

I want to use Node because it&#39;s swift, uses the same language I am using on the client side, and it&#39;s non-blocking by definition.  But the guy who I hired to write the program for file handling (saving, editing, renaming, downloading, uploading files, etc.), he wants to use apache.  So, I must:

1. Convince him to use Node (he&#39;s giving up little ground on that)

2. Figure out how to upload, download, rename, save, etc. files in node or

3. I must install apache and node on the same server.


Which is the most favorable situation, and how do I implement that?

Apache and Node.js on the Same Server

How to make a record into the logfile the contents of the HTTP request header (all) as received by apache?

Currently my apache combined log format configuration is:

```
LogFormat &quot;%h %l %u %t \&quot;%r\&quot; %&gt;s %b \&quot;%{Referer}i\&quot; \&quot;%{User-Agent}i\&quot; \&quot;%{Cookie}i\&quot;&quot; combined
```

I understand that it is possible to do it so:

```
LogFormat &quot;%h %l %u %t \&quot;%r\&quot; %&gt;s %b \&quot;%{Referer}i\&quot; \&quot;%{User-Agent}i\&quot; \&quot;%{Cookie}i\&quot; \&quot;%{heading name}i\&quot; \&quot;%{heading name}i\&quot; \&quot;%{heading name}i\&quot;&quot; combined
```

but it is not logical and it is not possible to know which headers will be.

Is it possible to log all HTTP request headers with Apache?

I have this error when trying to browse php files locally

    [Fri Apr 13 19:16:40 2012] [alert] [client 127.0.0.1] C:/AppServ/www/hr-website/.htaccess: Invalid command &#39;RewriteEngine&#39;, perhaps misspelled or defined by a module not included in the server configuration, referer: http://127.0.0.1/


what is the problem ?

.htaccess: Invalid command &#39;RewriteEngine&#39;, perhaps misspelled or defined by a module not included in the server configuration

Update: Already fixed, it seems that one of VirtualHosts configurations files was wrong in sites-enabled.

I have Ubuntu 11.10

When I run the command to start apache2:

    sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 start

I get the following error message:

&gt;  Starting web server apache2                                        
&gt; apache2: Could not reliably determine the server&#39;s fully qualified
&gt; domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName (98)Address already in
&gt; use: make_sock: could not bind to address 0.0.0.0:80 no listening
&gt; sockets available, shutting down Unable to open logs Action &#39;start&#39;
&gt; failed.

I run this command in order to get the process that is using the port 80:

    sudo netstat -ltnp | grep &#39;:80&#39;

Which returns this output:

    tcp6       0      0 :::80                   :::*                    LISTEN      1176/

To know which process is I run this command:

    ps -wlp1176

That returns: 

    F S   UID   PID  PPID  C PRI  NI ADDR SZ WCHAN  TTY          TIME CMD
    5 D    33  1176     1  0  80   0 -     0 exit   ?        00:00:00 apache2

But if I try to kill the process: 

    sudo kill -9 1176

It doesn&#39;t kill it, if I run again the netstat command still appears listening and apache start fails.

Any suggestions?

Starting apache fails (could not bind to address 0.0.0.0:80)

I&#39;m using Apache and I have a sample web folder on my **Local Host**, like:   

          http://localhost/test/

---
Files in the `test` folder:   
  
         index.html  
         sample.jpg  
         .htaccess  

---
Sample source of `index.html`:

    &lt;html&gt;
      &lt;body&gt;
        &lt;img src=&quot;sample.jpg&quot; /&gt;
      &lt;/body&gt;
    &lt;/html&gt;

When I run the website at `http://localhost/test/`, it will simply show the image `sample.jpg&#39; on the page.

---
**Problem:**

- I want to prevent the image showing as `http://localhost/test/sample.jpg` directly in the url bar.

**Note:** *I found that the solutions below work when tested on every browser **except Firefox**.*

How to prevent a file from direct URL Access?

I can&#39;t figure out why my `.htaccess` header settings doesn&#39;t work.

My `.htaccess` file content:


    Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin *
    Header always set Access-Control-Allow-Methods &quot;POST, GET, OPTIONS, DELETE, PUT&quot;
    Header always set Access-Control-Allow-Headers &quot;*&quot;
    RewriteEngine On
    RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
    RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php [QSA,L]

But when I remove `Header`&#39;s and add them in `index.php` then everything works fine. 

    header(&quot;Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *&quot;);
    header(&quot;Access-Control-Allow-Methods: PUT, GET, POST, DELETE, OPTIONS&quot;);
    header(&quot;Access-Control-Allow-Headers: *&quot;);

What am i missing?

Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin in .htaccess doesn&#39;t work

I have the following htaccess code:

    &lt;IfModule mod_rewrite.c&gt;
    
    RewriteEngine On
    RewriteCond !{HTTPS} off
    RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [L,R=301]
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\.
    RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [L,R=301]
    
    &lt;/IfModule&gt;

I want my site to be redirected to `https://www.` with HTTPS, and enforcing the `www.` subdomain,
but when I access `http://www.` (without HTTPS), it does not redirect me to `https://www` with HTTPS.


htaccess redirect to https://www

I can&#39;t seem to force https on the free usage tier of elastic beanstalk.

I have tried the following suggestion at https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6858492/how-to-force-https-on-amazon-elastic-beanstalk-without-failing-the-health-check

Using this Apache rewrite rule

    RewriteEngine On
    RewriteCond %{HTTP:X-Forwarded-Proto} !https
    RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/status$ 
    RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/version$ 
    RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/_hostmanager/ 
    RewriteRule . https://%{SERVER_NAME}%{REQUEST_URI} [L,R]

When I try that, http requests do not get redirected to https as I would like. Instead, the http page loads normally. I&#39;ve also tried to use the X-Forwarded-Port header with the same result. 

I&#39;ve also tried the following rewrite rule

    RewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} 80
    RewriteRule . https://%{SERVER_NAME}%{REQUEST_URI} [L,R]

And this rule causes a redirect loop. So it would seem that the apache rewrite rules don&#39;t pick up the Elastic Load Balancer headers X-Forwarded-Port and  X-Forwarded-Proto, but also a redirect loop isn&#39;t what I am going for either.

Please help. I am new to AWS, Elastic Beanstalk, and not very familiar with Apache rules. I am not too sure where to go from here. Thanks.

How to force https on elastic beanstalk?

I have a URL that looks like:

    url.com/picture.php?id=51

How would I go about converting that URL to:

    picture.php/Some-text-goes-here/51

I think WordPress does the same.

How do I go about making friendly URLs in PHP?

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	puk	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Apache	Ben	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Apache	Tobias Schultze	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Apache	Kaz	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - Apache	Andy	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 5 - Apache	Flow	View Answer on Stackoverflow

How to debug Apache mod_rewrite

Apache Problem Overview

Apache Solutions

Solution 1 - Apache

Solution 2 - Apache

Solution 3 - Apache

Solution 4 - Apache

Solution 5 - Apache

Which C++ idioms are deprecated in C++11?

Different results with Java's digest versus external utilities

Attributions