You can find more methods and functions related to Python strings in section [5.6.1. String Methods][1] of the documentation.

    w.strip(&#39;,.&#39;).lower()


  [1]: http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#string-methods

`str.lower()` converts all cased characters to lowercase.

To convert a string to lower case in Python, use something like this.

    list.append(sentence.lower())

I found this in the first result after searching for &quot;python upper to lower case&quot;.

How can I check if a file exists at a URL (instead of a path), in order to set a pre-populated default store into the iPhone Simulator: 

    NSURL *storeURL = [[self applicationDocumentsDirectory] URLByAppendingPathComponent:@&quot;Food.sqlite&quot;];
    /*
	 Set up the store.
	 For the sake of illustration, provide a pre-populated default store.
	 */
	NSFileManager *fileManager = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
	// If the expected store doesn&#39;t exist, copy the default store.
	if (![fileManager fileExistsAtPath:storePath]) {
		NSString *defaultStorePath = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@&quot;Food&quot; ofType:@&quot;sqlite&quot;];
		if (defaultStorePath) {
			[fileManager copyItemAtPath:defaultStorePath toPath:storePath error:NULL];
		}
	}

  
I&#39;ve read that in recent versions of the templates, the applicationDocumentsDirectory method returns an URL, so I&#39;ve changed the code to use NSURL objects to represent the file path. But at `[fileManager fileExistsAtPath:storePath]`, I need to change `fileExistsAtPath` to something like `fileExistsAtURL` (obviously it doesn&#39;t exist).

I&#39;ve checked the NSFileManager Class Reference and I didn&#39;t find any suitable task suited for my purpose.

Any hints please?

Check if file exists at URL instead of path

I was just curious about this: the following code will not compile, because we cannot modify a foreach iteration variable:


            foreach (var item in MyObjectList)
            {
                item = Value;
            }

But the following will compile and run:

            foreach (var item in MyObjectList)
            {
                item.Value = Value;
            }

Why is the first invalid, whereas the second can do the same underneath (I was searching for the correct english expression for this, but I don&#39;t remember it. Under the...? ^^ )

Why can&#39;t we assign a foreach iteration variable, whereas we can completely modify it with an accessor?


I have a script which reads the input and than lists it, however i want it to convert upper case letters to lower case, how can i do that?

this is what i got


     for words in text.readlines():
		sentence = [w.strip(&#39;,.&#39;) for w in line.split() if w.strip(&#39;,.&#39;)]
		list.append(sentence)

How to convert upper case letters to lower case

I have a script which reads the input and than lists it, however i want it to convert upper case letters to lower case, how can i do that?
this is what i got
<pre><code class="hljs language-css"> for words in text.readlines():
	sentence = [w.strip(',.') for w in line.split() if w.strip(',.')]
	list.append(sentence)
</code></pre>

This code almost does what I need it to..

    for line in all_lines:
        s = line.split(&#39;&gt;&#39;)

Except it removes all the &#39;&gt;&#39; delimiters.

So,

    &lt;html&gt;&lt;head&gt;

Turns into

    [&#39;&lt;html&#39;,&#39;&lt;head&#39;]

Is there a way to use the split() method but *keep* the delimiter, instead of removing it?

With these results..

    [&#39;&lt;html&gt;&#39;,&#39;&lt;head&gt;&#39;]



Python split() without removing the delimiter

I need to select an element from a **drop-down** menu.

For example: 

&lt;!-- language: lang-html --&gt;

    &lt;select id=&quot;fruits01&quot; class=&quot;select&quot; name=&quot;fruits&quot;&gt;
      &lt;option value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;Choose your fruits:&lt;/option&gt;
      &lt;option value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;Banana&lt;/option&gt;
      &lt;option value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mango&lt;/option&gt;
    &lt;/select&gt;

**1)** First I have to click on it. I do this: 

    inputElementFruits = driver.find_element_by_xpath(&quot;//select[id=&#39;fruits&#39;]&quot;).click()

**2)** After that I have to select the good element, lets say `Mango`.

I tried to do it with `inputElementFruits.send_keys(...)` but it did not work.


How to select a drop-down menu value with Selenium using Python?

In Numpy, I can concatenate two arrays end-to-end with `np.append` or `np.concatenate`:

    &gt;&gt;&gt; X = np.array([[1,2,3]])
    &gt;&gt;&gt; Y = np.array([[-1,-2,-3],[4,5,6]])
    &gt;&gt;&gt; Z = np.append(X, Y, axis=0)
    &gt;&gt;&gt; Z
    array([[ 1,  2,  3],
           [-1, -2, -3],
           [ 4,  5,  6]])

But these make copies of their input arrays:

    &gt;&gt;&gt; Z[0,:] = 0
    &gt;&gt;&gt; Z
    array([[ 0,  0,  0],
           [-1, -2, -3],
           [ 4,  5,  6]])
    &gt;&gt;&gt; X
    array([[1, 2, 3]])

Is there a way to concatenate two arrays into a *view*, i.e. without copying? Would that require an `np.ndarray` subclass?

Concatenate Numpy arrays without copying

Python2.7 argparse only accepts optional arguments (prefixed) in mutually exclusive groups:

    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog=&#39;mydaemon&#39;)
    action = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
    action.add_argument(&#39;--start&#39;, action=&#39;store_true&#39;, help=&#39;Starts %(prog)s daemon&#39;)
    action.add_argument(&#39;--stop&#39;, action=&#39;store_true&#39;, help=&#39;Stops %(prog)s daemon&#39;)
    action.add_argument(&#39;--restart&#39;, action=&#39;store_true&#39;, help=&#39;Restarts %(prog)s daemon&#39;)

$ mydaemon -h

    usage: mydaemon [-h] (--start | --stop | --restart)
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help  show this help message and exit
      --start     Starts mydaemon daemon
      --stop      Stops mydaemon daemon
      --restart   Restarts mydaemon daemon

Is there a way to make argparse arguments behaves like traditional unix daemon control:
    
    (start | stop | restart) and not (--start | --stop | --restart) ?

How to make python argparse mutually exclusive group arguments without prefix?

I have the following code

    num1 = 10
    someBoolValue = True

I need to set the value of `num1` to `20` if `someBoolValue` is `True`; and do nothing otherwise. So, here is my code for that

    num1 = 20 if someBoolValue else num1

Is there someway I could avoid the `...else num1` part to make it look cleaner? An equivalent to 

    if someBoolValue:
        num1 = 20

I tried replacing it with `...else pass` like this: `num1=20 if someBoolValue else pass`. All I got was syntax error. Nor I could just omit the `...else num1` part.

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	user998316	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	Ehtesh Choudhury	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Python	Dennis	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Python	orangething	View Answer on Stackoverflow

How to convert upper case letters to lower case

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

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Solution 3 - Python

Why can't we assign a foreach iteration variable, whereas we can completely modify it with an accessor?

Check if file exists at URL instead of path

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