How do you get assembler output from C/C++ source in gcc?

How does one do this?

If I want to analyze how something is getting compiled, how would I get the emitted assembly code?

Use the -S option to gcc (or g++), optionally with -fverbose-asm which works well at the default -O0 to attach C names to asm operands as comments. Less well at any optimization level, which you normally want to use to get asm worth looking at.

gcc -S helloworld.c

This will run the preprocessor (cpp) over helloworld.c, perform the initial compilation and then stop before the assembler is run. For useful compiler options to use in that case, see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38552116/how-to-remove-noise-from-gcc-clang-assembly-output (or just look at your code on Matt Godbolt's online Compiler Explorer which filters out directives and stuff, and has highlighting to match up source lines with asm using debug info.)

By default this will output a file helloworld.s. The output file can be still be set by using the -o option, including -o - to write to stdout for pipe into less.

gcc -S -o my_asm_output.s helloworld.c

Of course this only works if you have the original source. An alternative if you only have the resultant object file is to use objdump, by setting the --disassemble option (or -d for the abbreviated form).

objdump -S --disassemble helloworld > helloworld.dump

-S interleaves source lines with normal disassembly output, so this option works best if debugging option is enabled for the object file (-g at compilation time) and the file hasn't been stripped.

Running file helloworld will give you some indication as to the level of detail that you will get by using objdump.

Other useful objdump options include -rwC (to show symbol relocations, disable line-wrapping of long machine code, and demangle C++ names). And if you don't like AT&T syntax for x86, -Mintel. See the man page.

So for example, objdump -drwC -Mintel -S foo.o | less.
-r is very important with a .o that only has 00 00 00 00 placeholders for symbol references, as opposed to a linked executable.

This will generate assembly code with the C code + line numbers interweaved, to more easily see which lines generate what code:

# create assembler code:
g++ -S -fverbose-asm -g -O2 test.cc -o test.s
# create asm interlaced with source lines:
as -alhnd test.s > test.lst

Found in Algorithms for programmers, page 3 (which is the overall 15th page of the PDF).

The following command line is from Christian Garbin's blog

g++ -g -O -Wa,-aslh horton_ex2_05.cpp >list.txt

I ran G++ from a DOS window on Win-XP, against a routine that contains an implicit cast

c:\gpp_code>g++ -g -O -Wa,-aslh horton_ex2_05.cpp >list.txt
horton_ex2_05.cpp: In function `int main()':
horton_ex2_05.cpp:92: warning: assignment to `int' from `double'

The output is asssembled generated code iterspersed with the original C++ code (the C++ code is shown as comments in the generated asm stream)

  16:horton_ex2_05.cpp **** using std::setw;
  17:horton_ex2_05.cpp ****
  18:horton_ex2_05.cpp **** void disp_Time_Line (void);
  19:horton_ex2_05.cpp ****
  20:horton_ex2_05.cpp **** int main(void)
  21:horton_ex2_05.cpp **** {
 164                    %ebp
 165                            subl $128,%esp
?GAS LISTING C:\DOCUME~1\CRAIGM~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\ccx52rCc.s
166 0128 55                    call ___main
167 0129 89E5          .stabn 68,0,21,LM2-_main
168 012b 81EC8000      LM2:
168      0000
169 0131 E8000000      LBB2:
169      00
170                    .stabn 68,0,25,LM3-_main
171                    LM3:
172                            movl $0,-16(%ebp)

Use the -S switch

g++ -S main.cpp

or also with gcc

gcc -S main.c

Also see this

-save-temps

This was mentioned at https://stackoverflow.com/a/17083009/895245 but let me further exemplify it.

The big advantage of this option over -S is that it is very easy to add it to any build script, without interfering much in the build itself.

When you do:

gcc -save-temps -c -o main.o main.c

main.c

#define INC 1

int myfunc(int i) {
    return i + INC;
}

and now, besides the normal output main.o, the current working directory also contains the following files:

• main.i is a bonus and contains the preprossessed file:

  # 1 "main.c"
  # 1 "<built-in>"
  # 1 "<command-line>"
  # 31 "<command-line>"
  # 1 "/usr/include/stdc-predef.h" 1 3 4
  # 32 "<command-line>" 2
  # 1 "main.c"
  
  
  int myfunc(int i) {
      return i + 1;
  }
  

• main.s contains the desired generated assembly:

  	.file	"main.c"
  	.text
  	.globl	myfunc
  	.type	myfunc, @function
  myfunc:
  .LFB0:
  	.cfi_startproc
  	pushq	%rbp
  	.cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
  	.cfi_offset 6, -16
  	movq	%rsp, %rbp
  	.cfi_def_cfa_register 6
  	movl	%edi, -4(%rbp)
  	movl	-4(%rbp), %eax
  	addl	$1, %eax
  	popq	%rbp
  	.cfi_def_cfa 7, 8
  	ret
  	.cfi_endproc
  .LFE0:
  	.size	myfunc, .-myfunc
  	.ident	"GCC: (Ubuntu 8.3.0-6ubuntu1) 8.3.0"
  	.section	.note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits
  

If you want to do it for a large number of files, consider using instead:

 -save-temps=obj

which saves the intermediate files to the same directory as the -o object output instead of the current working directory, thus avoiding potential basename conflicts.

Another cool thing about this option is if you add -v:

gcc -save-temps -c -o main.o -v main.c

it actually shows the explicit files being used instead of ugly temporaries under /tmp, so it is easy to know exactly what is going on, which includes the preprocessing / compilation / assembly steps:

/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/cc1 -E -quiet -v -imultiarch x86_64-linux-gnu main.c -mtune=generic -march=x86-64 -fpch-preprocess -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security -o main.i
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/cc1 -fpreprocessed main.i -quiet -dumpbase main.c -mtune=generic -march=x86-64 -auxbase-strip main.o -version -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security -o main.s
as -v --64 -o main.o main.s

Tested in Ubuntu 19.04 amd64, GCC 8.3.0.

CMake predefined targets

CMake automatically provides a targets for the preprocessed file:

make help

shows us that we can do:

make main.s

and that target runs:

Compiling C source to assembly CMakeFiles/main.dir/main.c.s
/usr/bin/cc    -S /home/ciro/hello/main.c -o CMakeFiles/main.dir/main.c.s

so the file can be seen at CMakeFiles/main.dir/main.c.s

Tested on cmake 3.16.1.

If what you want to see depends on the linking of the output, then objdump on the output object file/executable may also be useful in addition to the aforementioned gcc -S. Here's a very useful script by Loren Merritt that converts the default objdump syntax into the more readable nasm syntax:

#!/usr/bin/perl -w
$ptr='(BYTE|WORD|DWORD|QWORD|XMMWORD) PTR ';
$reg='(?:[er]?(?:[abcd]x|[sd]i|[sb]p)|[abcd][hl]|r1?[0-589][dwb]?|mm[0-7]|xmm1?[0-9])';
open FH, '-|', '/usr/bin/objdump', '-w', '-M', 'intel', @ARGV or die;
$prev = "";
while(<FH>){
    if(/$ptr/o) {
        s/$ptr(\[[^\[\]]+\],$reg)/$2/o or
        s/($reg,)$ptr(\[[^\[\]]+\])/$1$3/o or
        s/$ptr/lc $1/oe;
    }
    if($prev =~ /\t(repz )?ret / and
       $_ =~ /\tnop |\txchg *ax,ax$/) {
       # drop this line
    } else {
       print $prev;
       $prev = $_;
    }
}
print $prev;
close FH;

I suspect this can also be used on the output of gcc -S.

Well, as everyone said, use -S option. If you use -save-temps option, you can also get preprocessed file(.i), assembly file(.s) and object file(*.o). (get each of them by using -E, -S, and -c.)

As everyone has pointed out, use the -S option to GCC. I would also like to add that the results may vary (wildly!) depending on whether or not you add optimization options (-O0 for none, -O2 for agressive optimization).

On RISC architectures in particular, the compiler will often transform the code almost beyond recognition in doing optimization. It's impressive and fascinating to look at the results!

As mentioned before, look at the -S flag.

It's also worth looking at the '-fdump-tree' family of flags, in particular '-fdump-tree-all', which lets you see some of gcc's intermediate forms. These can often be more readable than assembler (at least to me), and let you see how optimisation passes perform.

If you're looking for LLVM assembly:

llvm-gcc -emit-llvm -S hello.c

I don't see this possibility among answers, probably because the question is from 2008, but in 2018 you can use Matt Goldbolt's online website https://godbolt.org

You can also locally git clone and run his project https://github.com/mattgodbolt/compiler-explorer

Use the -S option:

gcc -S program.c

Here is a solution for C using GCC :

gcc -S program.c && gcc program.c -o output

1. Here the first part stores the assembly output of the program in the same file name as Program but with a changed .s extension, you can open it as any normal text file.

2. The second part here compiles your program for actual usage and generates an executable for your Program with a specified file name.

The program.c used above is the name of your program and output is the name of the executable you want to generate.

From: http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/v2faq/faq8_20.html

gcc -c -g -Wa,-a,-ad [other GCC options] foo.c > foo.lst

in alternative to PhirePhly's answer Or just use -S as everyone said.

Here are the steps to see/print the assembly code of any C program on your Windows

console /terminal/ command prompt :

1. Write a C program in a C code editor like codeblocks and save it with an extention .c

2. Compile and run it.

3. Once run successfully, go to the folder where you have installed your gcc compiler and give the

   following command to get a ' .s ' file of the ' .c' file

   C:\ gcc> gcc -S complete path of the C file ENTER

An example command ( as in my case)

C:\gcc> gcc -S D:\Aa_C_Certified\alternate_letters.c

 This outputs a ' .s' file of the original  ' .c' file

4 . After this , type the following command

C;\gcc> cpp filename.s ENTER

Example command ( as in my case)

C;\gcc> cpp alternate_letters.s

This will print/output the entire Assembly language code of your C program.

Use "-S" as an option. It displays the assembly output in the terminal.

Recently I wanted to know the assembly of each functions in a. This is how I did it:

$ gcc main.c                      // main.c source file
$ gdb a.exe                       // gdb a.out in linux
  (gdb) disass main               // note here main is a function
                                  // similary it can be done for other functions