Try the below command....
It worked for me...

# cat /proc/version

Once you know that you are running Red Hat for example, you can get to the point with:

# cat /etc/redhat-release

Or on Debian:

# cat /etc/debian_version

or in general :

# cat /etc/*-release

Also you could use the following command

# cat /etc/issue


For displaying details including release and codename of the distro

    lsb_release -a



I hope this works echo $(lsb_release -si)


I&#39;d like the question to be answered in general, but to illustrate it, here&#39;s a use case:

I&#39;m using Vagrant for a simple LMAP project. I use standalone Puppet for provisioning. Now, there might be some developers who sit behind a proxy and they would need some additional configuration to be made to the VM. I have things working on the Puppet side: I can pass the proxy IP (if any) as a fact to puppet in the `Vagrantfile` and Puppet reacts accordingly if it&#39;s set.

The only issue I have is: how can developers specify/override this setting for their development environment without having to change the `Vagrantfile` (which is under version control and must remain dev-environment-neutral)?

If would be awesome if people could override some Vagrant settings in a file called e.g. `Vagrantfile.local`, which I would exclude via `.gitignore`.

Since a Vagrantfile is just Ruby, I tried the following:

    # Also load per-dev custom vagrant config
    custom_vagrantfile = &#39;Vagrantfile.local&#39;
    load custom_vagrantfile if File.exist?(custom_vagrantfile)

The file inclusion basically works, but it looks like in the included file, I&#39;m not in the same Vagrant context anymore...

    Vagrant::Config.run do |config|
      config.vm.provision :puppet do |puppet|
        puppet.facter = { &quot;proxy&quot; =&gt; &quot;proxy.host:80&quot; }
      end
    end

... also &quot;resets&quot; all other puppet config values I made in the main `Vagrantfile`, which makes me think I&#39;m heading in the wrong direction here. I should note that I&#39;m a total noob at Ruby ;)

Can anyone give me a hint or even a working solution for how per-dev customization could be done here in general?

Override Vagrant configuration settings locally (per-dev)

I am just throwing an idea with possibility of closing. I need to draw a crystal ball in which red and blue particles randomly locate. I guess I have to go with photoshop, and even tried to make the ball in an image but as this is for research paper and does not have to be fancy, I wonder if there is any way to program with R, matlab, or any other language.

How to draw a crystal ball with two-color particles inside

I&#39;d like to be able to detect which particular Linux flavor is installed on a computer, e.g. Ubuntu vs Fedora, via a command line command.

Some people recommend `uname -a`, but that only reports the kernel version.

How do I identify the particular Linux flavor via command line?

<p>I'd like to be able to detect which particular Linux flavor is installed on a computer, e.g. Ubuntu vs Fedora, via a command line command.</p>
<p>Some people recommend <code>uname -a</code>, but that only reports the kernel version.</p>


How is it possible to change the default shell? The `env` command currently says:

    SHELL=/bin/tcsh

and I want to change that to Bash.


Changing default shell in Linux

I am running RHEL6, and I have exported an environment variable like this:

    export DISPLAY=:0

That variable is lost when the terminal is closed. How do I permanently add this so that this variable value always exists with a particular user?

How to permanently export a variable in Linux?

This should be easy:  I want to run **sed** against a literal string, not an input file.  If you wonder why, it is to, for example edit values stored in variables, not necessarily text data.

When I do:

    sed &#39;s/,/&#39;,&#39;/g&#39; &quot;A,B,C&quot;

where A,B,C is the literal which I want to change to A&#39;,&#39;B&#39;,&#39;C

I get 

    Can&#39;t open A,B,C

As though it thinks A,B,C is a file.

I tried piping it to echo:

    echo &quot;A,B,C&quot; | sed &#39;s/,/&#39;,&#39;/g&#39; 

I get a prompt.

What is the right way to do it?

sed with literal string--not input file

I am trying to merge multiple linux commands in one line to perform deployment operation.
For example

    cd /my_folder
    rm *.jar
    svn co path to repo
    mvn compile package install



Execute combine multiple Linux commands in one line

When I write C programs in Linux, and then compile them using gcc, I am always curious about where those header files are. For example, where `stdio.h` is. More generally, where is `stdbool.h`?

What I want to know is not only where it is, but also how to get those places, for example, using shell command or using the C programming language.

How can I find the header files of the C programming language in Linux?

I use the following snip of a script:

    if ($.browser.msie &amp;&amp; $.browser.version &lt; 9) {
       extra = &quot;?&quot; + Math.floor(Math.random() * 3000);
    }
It works fine with **jQuery 1.8.3**.

Now I updated jQuery to the new version **1.9.1** to use a new script.  
Now I get the following error:

&gt; TypeError: Cannot read property &#39;msie&#39; of undefined

I read the change log of the new jQuery version, but nothing should have changed  
with *msie*

Any known bugs, tips or proposals?

browser.msie error after update to jQuery 1.9.1

What&#39;s the preferred way of specifying program name and version info within argparse?

&lt;pre&gt;
__version_info__ = (&#39;2013&#39;,&#39;03&#39;,&#39;14&#39;)
__version__ = &#39;-&#39;.join(__version_info__)
...
parser.add_argument(&#39;-V&#39;, &#39;--version&#39;, action=&#39;version&#39;, version=&quot;%(prog)s (&quot;+__version__+&quot;)&quot;)
&lt;/pre&gt;

* http://argparse.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/doc/ArgumentParser.html#prog
* http://pymotw.com/2/argparse/
* http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0386/
* http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0396/
* http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3001/

Python&#39;s argparse to show program&#39;s version with prog and version string formatting

I just tried to know version of my PHP from windows command typing,
`C:\&gt; php -v`
But it is not working. It says `php is not recognized as internal or external command`.

Find PHP version on windows command line

I&#39;d like to get the `NuGet.exe` version using the command-line. 

I know I can get the version of NuGet running as part of Visual Studio, as per the instructions [here][1], but what I&#39;m after is something similar from the command-line, i.e like:

`nuget --version`

Any ideas?


  [1]: http://docs.nuget.org/docs/start-here/nuget-faq#How_do_I_check_the_exact_version_of_NuGet_installed?

Get NuGet.exe version from command-line

There are two R directories on my computer:  
one is `/home/R-2.15.2`,the other is `/home/R-2.15.1`,  
when I input `R` , I can start R, now I want to know which R is running: 2.15.1 or 2.15.2?  

Which version of R is running in my computer?

Trying to learn GitHub at the moment and doing this [Git essentials tutorial][1] over at nettuts. I&#39;m on the lesson about making commits.

The teacher types `git commit` and it opens VIM as his editor (I&#39;d also like to know how to make it open up in [Sublime Text][2] 2 instead) anyways it opens in VIM and I add in 1 line saying this is my first commit and hit save.

Next it then prompts me to save the output to the desktop, something I did not see in his screencast. Now I&#39;m still in VIM and not sure how to get back to &#39;normal&#39; terminal :(

I couldn&#39;t figure it out so I just exited the terminal and relaunched it, did git commit again and had some warning messages about duplicates! Not sure if I need to `(E)edit` anyways or `(A)abort`.

**git status**

![enter image description here][3]

**vim**

![enter image description here][4]

**message** when I reopen terminal and do git commit again

![enter image description here][5]


  [1]: https://tutsplus.com/course/git-essentials/
  [2]: http://www.sublimetext.com/
  [3]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/OoMYb.png
  [4]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/d4bbf.png
  [5]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/wIZ30.png

Git commit in terminal opens VIM, but can&#39;t get back to terminal

I have a small, dinosaur-era command line interface (CLI) app for facebook.  There&#39;s not a huge user base, but it has its niche.  Its most altruistic usage is by those who are partially blind and rely on other text-based command line interfaces.

It truly is a &quot;Desktop App&quot;, with no browser interface, and no way to embed a browser within the app.  It&#39;s written in PHP using the PHP CLI and it&#39;s hosted on [github.](https://github.com/dtompkins/fbcmd) [get the beta branch for the newer info].

I&#39;m clearly a little concerned about the removal of `offline_access`.

I was pinning my hopes to the pending [&quot;Device Login&quot;](`http://developers.facebook.com/docs/howtos/login/devices/`) and was really hoping that it would be ready before they flip the switch to remove `offline_access` but this doesn&#39;t appear to be the case.  I cannot find any information from facebook that indicates when &quot;Device Login&quot; will be available.  I&#39;m secretly hoping that someone on the FB Dev team will see this and hook me up as an early adopter.

Currently I send the user to the very old &#39;one time login&#39; page: `www.facebook.com/code_gen.php?v=1.0&amp;api_key=XXX` which gives the user a temporary authorization code, which I can use to get an older session key --  then I can use graph.facebook.com/oauth/exchange_sessions to get a new OAuth session.

So I am hoping someone at Facebook will shed light on when &quot;device login&quot; will appear, or if there is a better approach I should be using.

Right now, the best solution I have is to host some page that would display to the user what their oauth session information would be, and then have the user cut &amp; paste it as a command line argument to my app.  I&#39;d like to avoid that approach -- especially because now it looks like they&#39;ll have to do that periodically (every 60 days).


Timeline for &quot;Device Login&quot; and/or alternatives to offline_access + one time login

How to get shell tab completion cooperating with `argparse` in a Python script?  

&lt;!-- language: lang-python --&gt;

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    import argparse
    
    def main(**args):
        pass
    
    if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39;:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(&#39;positional&#39;, choices=[&#39;spam&#39;, &#39;eggs&#39;])
        parser.add_argument(&#39;--optional&#39;, choices=[&#39;foo1&#39;, &#39;foo2&#39;, &#39;bar&#39;])
        args = parser.parse_args()
        main(**vars(args))

With an executable flag set on the .py file, the expected results should be something like:

&lt;!-- language: lang-bash --&gt;

    $ ./example.py sp&lt;tab&gt;             
       -&gt;  completes to &quot;./example.py spam&quot;
    $ ./example.py --op&lt;tab&gt; 
       -&gt;  completes to &quot;./example.py --optional&quot;
    $ ./example.py --optional b&lt;tab&gt;
       -&gt;  completes to &quot;./example.py --optional bar&quot;
    $ ./example.py --optional f&lt;tab&gt;   
       -&gt;  completes to &quot;./example.py --optional foo&quot;
           and, additionally, prints  &quot;foo1  foo2&quot;  choices on stdout on a new line



Custom tab completion in python argparse

I&#39;m on Linux command line and I have file with

    127.0.0.1
    128.0.0.0
    121.121.33.111

I want

    127.0.0.1:80
    128.0.0.0:80
    121.121.33.111:80

I remember my colleagues were using sed for that, but after reading sed manual still not clear how to do it on command line?

Add text at the end of each line

Is there a way to make argparse recognize anything between two quotes as a single argument? It seems to keep seeing the dashes and assuming that it&#39;s the start of a new option


I have something like:

    mainparser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    subparsers = mainparser.add_subparsers(dest=&#39;subcommand&#39;)
    parser = subparsers.add_parser(&#39;queue&#39;)
    parser.add_argument(&#39;-env&#39;, &#39;--extraEnvVars&#39;, type=str,
                            help=&#39;String of extra arguments to be passed to model.&#39;)
    ...other arguments added to parser...

But when I run:

    python Application.py queue -env &quot;-s WHATEVER -e COOL STUFF&quot;

It gives me:

    Application.py queue: error: argument -env/--extraEnvVars: expected one argument

If I leave off the first dash, it works totally fine, but it&#39;s kind of crucial that I be able to pass in a string with dashes in it. I&#39;ve tried escaping it with \ , which causes it to succeed but adds the \ to the argument string Does anyone know how to get around this? This happens whether or not -s is an argument in parser.

EDIT: I&#39;m using Python 2.7.

EDIT2: 

    python Application.py -env &quot; -env&quot;

works perfectly fine, but

    python Application.py -env &quot;-env&quot;

does not.

EDIT3: Looks like this is actually a bug that&#39;s being debated already: http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/python/bugs/89529, http://python.6.x6.nabble.com/issue9334-argparse-does-not-accept-options-taking-arguments-beginning-with-dash-regression-from-optp-td578790.html. It&#39;s only in 2.7 and not in optparse. 

EDIT4: The current open bug report is: http://bugs.python.org/issue9334


Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	mcandre	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Linux	ramit girdhar	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Linux	Rag Sagar	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Linux	Bhanu Kaushik	View Answer on Stackoverflow

How do I identify the particular Linux flavor via command line?

Linux Problem Overview

Linux Solutions

Solution 1 - Linux

cat /proc/version

cat /etc/redhat-release

cat /etc/debian_version

cat /etc/*-release

cat /etc/issue

Solution 2 - Linux

Solution 3 - Linux

How to draw a crystal ball with two-color particles inside

Override Vagrant configuration settings locally (per-dev)

Attributions