Beginning with Git for Windows 2.14, you can now configure Git to use SChannel, the built-in Windows networking layer.  This means that it will use the Windows certificate storage mechanism and you _do not_ need to explicitly configure the curl CA storage mechanism.

From the Git for Windows 2.14 [release notes](https://github.com/git-for-windows/git/releases/tag/v2.14.0.windows.1):

&gt; It is now possible to switch between Secure Channel and OpenSSL for Git&#39;s HTTPS transport by setting the `http.sslBackend` config variable to `&quot;openssl&quot;` or `&quot;schannel&quot;`; This is now also the method used by the installer (rather than copying `libcurl-4.dll` files around).

You can choose the new SChannel mechanism during the installation of Git for Windows 2.14.  You can also update an existing installation to use SChannel by running:

    git config --global http.sslBackend schannel

Once you have configured this, Git will use the Windows certificate store and should not require (and, in fact, should ignore) the `http.sslCAInfo` configuration setting.

Use:

    git config  --local ...

To specify per-repository settings.  Local settings are stored in the `.git` directory.

An overview of the three locations where `git` can store settings:

 - `--local`: Repository specific, `&lt;repo_dir&gt;/.git/config`
 - `--global`: User-specific, `~/.gitconfig`
 - `--system`: System default, `/etc/gitconfig`

More specific ones override more general settings, i.e. local overrides both global and system.

I have multiple `LinearLayout`s with a combined height that easily exceeds a device&#39;s screen height. So in order to make my layout scrollable, I tried adding in a `ScrollView`, but unfortunately I get the following error:

&gt; Scrollview can host only one direct child

I did some research, but couldn&#39;t really make sense of how to solve it, even after reading a couple of solutions. I tried a few changes, but nothing worked for me so far. Any help?

    &lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;utf-8&quot;?&gt;

    &lt;ScrollView xmlns:android=&quot;http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android&quot;
    android:layout_width=&quot;fill_parent&quot;
    android:layout_height=&quot;fill_parent&quot;
    android:orientation=&quot;vertical&quot; &gt;
    
        &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;
        android:paddingTop=&quot;20dip&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 1&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q1_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
    &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 2&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q2_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
    &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 3&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q3_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
    &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 4&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q4_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
    &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 5&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q5_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
        &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 6&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q6_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;        &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 7&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q7_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
            &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 8&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q8_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
            &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 9&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q9_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
            &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 10&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q10_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
            &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 11&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q11_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
            &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 12&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q12_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
            &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 13&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q13_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
            &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 14&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q14_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
            &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 15&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q15_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
            &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 16&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q16_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
            &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 17&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q17_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
            &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 18&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q18_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
            &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 19&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q19_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
            &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Question 20&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/q20_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;

    &lt;LinearLayout 
        android:layout_width=&quot;match_parent&quot;
        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
        android:orientation=&quot;horizontal&quot;&gt;
        &lt;TextView
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;Score:&quot;
	        android:paddingBottom=&quot;20dip&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;
	    &lt;TextView
	        android:id=&quot;@+id/final_score&quot;
	        android:layout_width=&quot;0dp&quot;
	        android:layout_height=&quot;wrap_content&quot;
	        android:layout_weight=&quot;1&quot;
	        android:text=&quot;0/5&quot;
	        android:gravity=&quot;center&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
        &lt;/LinearLayout&gt;
            &lt;/ScrollView&gt;


Scrollview can host only one direct child

After watching webinar *[Jon Skeet Inspects ReSharper][1]*, I&#39;ve started to play a little with
recursive constructor calls and found, that the following code is valid C# code (by valid I mean it compiles).

    class Foo
    {
        int a = null;
        int b = AppDomain.CurrentDomain;
        int c = &quot;string to int&quot;;
        int d = NonExistingMethod();
        int e = Invalid&lt;Method&gt;Name&lt;&lt;Indeeed();

        Foo()       :this(0)  { }
        Foo(int v)  :this()   { }
    }

As we all probably know, field initialization is moved into constructor by the compiler. So if you have a field like `int a = 42;`, you will have `a = 42` in **all** constructors. But if you have constructor calling another constructor, you will have initialization code only in called one.

For example if you have constructor with parameters calling default constructor, you will have assignment `a = 42` only in the default constructor.

To illustrate second case, next code:

    class Foo
    {
        int a = 42;

        Foo() :this(60)  { }
        Foo(int v)       { }
    }

Compiles into:

    internal class Foo
    {
        private int a;

        private Foo()
        {
            this.ctor(60);
        }

        private Foo(int v)
        {
            this.a = 42;
            base.ctor();
        }
    }

So the main issue, is that my code, given at the start of this question, is compiled into:

    internal class Foo
    {
        private int a;
        private int b;
        private int c;
        private int d;
        private int e;

        private Foo()
        {
            this.ctor(0);
        }

        private Foo(int v)
        {
            this.ctor();
        }
    }

As you can see, the compiler can&#39;t decide where to put field initialization and, as result, doesn&#39;t put it anywhere. Also note, there are no `base` constructor calls. Of course, no objects can be created, and you will always end up with `StackOverflowException` if you will try to create an instance of `Foo`.

I have two questions:

**Why does compiler allow recursive constructor calls at all?**

**Why we observe such behavior of the compiler for fields, initialized within such class?**

----------

Some notes: [ReSharper][2] warns you with `Possible cyclic constructor calls`. Moreover, in Java such constructor calls won&#39;t event compile, so the Java compiler is more restrictive in this scenario (Jon mentioned this information at the webinar).

This makes these questions more interesting, because with all respect to Java community, the C# compiler is *at least* more modern.

This was compiled using [C# 4.0][3] and [C# 5.0][4] compilers and decompiled using [dotPeek][5].

  [1]: http://blogs.jetbrains.com/dotnet/2013/04/webinar-recording-jon-skeet-inspects-resharper/
  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReSharper
  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_4.0
  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_%28programming_language%29#Versions
  [5]: http://www.jetbrains.com/decompiler/


Why does a recursive constructor call make invalid C# code compile?

Currently I have the following entry in my `.gitconfig` in my user directory.

    ...
    [http]
    	sslCAInfo=C:\\Users\\julian.lettner\\.ssh\\git-test.pem
    ...

This sets the certificate to use when interacting with the git server (required by my company&#39;s git server).

But now I cannot clone other repositories (for example a public repository on GitHub), because the client always uses the configured certificate which gets rejected by other servers.

How can I circumvent this certification issue? Can I configure Git to use the Windows Certificate Store to authenticate?

How do I configure Git to trust certificates from the Windows Certificate Store?

Currently I have the following entry in my <code>.gitconfig</code> in my user directory.
<pre><code class="hljs language-python-repl">...
[http]
	sslCAInfo=C:\\Users\\julian.lettner\\.ssh\\git-test.pem
...
</code></pre>
This sets the certificate to use when interacting with the git server (required by my company's git server).
But now I cannot clone other repositories (for example a public repository on GitHub), because the client always uses the configured certificate which gets rejected by other servers.
How can I circumvent this certification issue? Can I configure Git to use the Windows Certificate Store to authenticate?

I&#39;m building a lightweight version of the ncurses library. So far, it works pretty well with VT100-compatible terminals, but win32 console fails to recognise the `\033` code as the beginning of an escape sequence:

    # include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
    # include &quot;term.h&quot;
    
    int main(void) {
      puts(BOLD COLOR(FG, RED) &quot;Bold text&quot; NOT_BOLD &quot; is cool!&quot; CLEAR);
      return 0;
    }

![Screenshot][1]

What needs to be done on the C code level, in order that the ANSI.SYS driver is loaded and the ANSI/VT100 escape sequences recognized?

  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/VjFAy.png

How to make win32 console recognize ANSI/VT100 escape sequences?

I am having a problem executing a bat file. After some time running I get the &quot;input line is too long&quot; error.

The structure of the bat file is simple. There is a main bat file that calls 10 other bat files that are responsible for updating data of my system modules. In the updating data bat files there are lot of calls for a command(.cmd file) of my system that is responsible for updating the data through some calculations.

The point is, when the process was running in a Windows 2003 Server it was ok. No errors.

Then, when it was upgraded to Windows 2008 Server, I execute the main bat file, several hours later I got the &quot;Input line is too long&quot; error. I can&#39;t even  execute any command included in the updated data bats manually in that cmd window. But if I close the cmd window and open a new one I can execute the commands without errors.

Anybody had the same problem? Or a solution?

Thanks in advance.

&quot;Input line is too long&quot; error in BAT File

I am trying to make an installer using batch. Of course, an installer needs to consist of files that will be installed, so I&#39;m thinking of encoding the files in base64, and simply decode them and write them to their destination.

Of course, my work would be very easy if Windows had something like the `base64` tool that Linux boxes contain. However, since it&#39;s simply not there, is there any way to decode base64 content *completely* using batch files? And how would I accomplish this?

Any help is appreciated.

(It&#39;s just an experiment, so I&#39;m not worried about inefficiency and the like.)

Decoding base64 in batch

I have a problem with our executable. I&#39;m running this C++ 32-bit executable on my Windows&amp;nbsp;7 64-bit development box that also has all those Microsoft applications (Visual Studio 2008 + 2010, TFS, SDK, Microsoft Office)...
And it&#39;s still running just fine.

Now I got the client installation of the very same program and was asked to test it with a clean Windows&amp;nbsp;7 installation. Thus I got one Windows&amp;nbsp;7 64-bit VMware and updated it to Windows&amp;nbsp;7 SP 1 (the very same version my developer box is tuning).
But while on my developer box everything is fine the program does not work with the VMware (30 days trial) box.

The x86 [Dependency Walker][1] is telling me that the following DLL files are missing:

   * API-MS-WIN-CORE-COM-L1-1-0.DLL
   * API-MS-WIN-CORE-WINRT-ERROR-L1-1-0.DLL
   * API-MS-WIN-CORE-WINRT-L1-1-0.DLL
   * API-MS-WIN-CORE-WINRT-ROBUFFER-L1-1-0.DLL
   * API-MS-WIN-CORE-WINRT-STRING-L1-1-0.DLL
   * API-MS-WIN-SHCORE-SCALING-L1-1-0.DLL
   * DCOMP.DLL
   * GPSVC.DLL
   * IESHIMS.DLL

I googled for those API-MS-WIN-... DLL files and found they should actually already be part of Windows&amp;nbsp;7 (some sites claiming the belong to Windows&amp;nbsp;8 and Windows Server 2012 though).

I already tried the suggested fixes I found, which are:

* running &#39;sfc /scannow&#39;
* installing Visual Studio 2008 SP1 runtime executables

But that didn&#39;t solve anything. :-(

Side note: My development box does not have them either, and does not seem to need them. For example, the user32.dll on my box does not link against one of those, while the installation on the VMware does.

Any idea on how to fix this issue?
I tried to find a suitable download / fix on the Microsoft pages, but I failed.

---

After solving my issue I wanted to report what I found out, and I can&#39;t post this as an answer because the question has been closed.

Actually all the DLL files reported missing by the Dependency Walker tool, namely those

    * API-MS-WIN-CORE-...

type DLL files were not part of the actual problem.

In my case the registration of three OCX files was missing and after that everything was just fine, BUT Dependency Walker tool still listed all the very same DLL files as before even when the program was just running fine now.

The gist of it: As someone elsewhere stated, the tool is a bit dated by now and does not always work properly with a newer OS. Thus keep an eye open and don&#39;t get mislead by missing &#39;API-MS-WIN-CORE-COM-L1-1-0.DLL&#39;, ... the problem probably lies entirely elsewhere.

  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_Walker


Windows 7, 64 bit, DLL problems

Firstly, I saw [this topic][1] but I couldn&#39;t understand that.

**Question :**

There is a batch file in `D:\path\to\file.bat` with following content :

    echo %cd%
    pause

Output is :

    C:\
It must be `D:\path\to`

What am I doing wrong?


  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4419868/what-is-the-current-directory-in-a-batch-file

Get current batchfile directory

I did following (I simplified this comparing to a reality):

- created a branch **Branch1**, switched to it
- added file **File1** and modified existing file **File2** and commited this
- figured out that I don&#39;t need **File1**, removed it and commited this

So, the actual difference between **original branch** and **Branch1** is only modification of **File2**.

I want to get this actual difference between branches and put in **Branch2**. Generally speaking, I want to get rid of not necessary history of adding/removing **File1**.

Get the difference between two branches in Git

I&#39;m trying to connect to a GitLab repository using the I/O preview of Android Studio. Does anyone know how to do this/if it is possible yet?

Connecting to GitLab repositories on Android Studio

I currently have a git remote setup like the following:

    [remote &quot;upstream&quot;]
        url = &lt;redacted&gt;
        fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/upstream/*

When I issue `git pull` on branch master, all remote heads are fetched into remotes/upstream, then remotes/upstream/master is merged into master. Any tags that can be reached are also fetched at the same time, which is very convenient.

I&#39;d like `git pull` to additionally fetch *all* tags from the remote, not just those that are directly reachable from the heads. I originally tried seting `tagopt == --tags`, but found this caused only tags to be fetch and thus broke everything. (Junio even says that&#39;s a [horrendous misconfiguation][1]).

Is there a way to make `git pull` fetch all remote tags by default, in addition to the remote heads?


  [1]: http://git.661346.n2.nabble.com/unclear-documentation-of-git-fetch-tags-option-and-tagopt-config-tp7572964p7573006.html

Can we set a Git default to fetch all tags during a remote pull?

In `HEAD` (the latest commit), I have a file named `foo`. In my current working tree, I renamed it to `bar`, and also edited it.

I want to `git diff` `foo` in `HEAD`, and `bar` in my current working tree.

git diff between two different files

So, updating all my submodules is done by running

    git submodule foreach &#39;git pull origin master&#39;

How do I update a **specific submodule**, located in say `bundle/syntastic`, without updating any other submodules?


How to only update specific git submodules?

I am using the below openssl command for storing my public key into a .pem file.

    openssl&gt; x509 -in E:/mycert.pem -pubkey  -out E:/mypubkey.pem

But when i try to use this command, it is storing the whole certificate info in the mypubkey.pem file.

I have seen that i can save my public key using

    openssl&gt; x509 -pubkey -noout -in cert.pem &gt; pubkey.pem

But it is throwing an error. I can&#39;t use &quot;&gt;&quot; operator.

How to save public key from a certificate in .pem format

## Background

I am stuck in a finger-pointing match with a service provider with an API protected by SSL server __and client__ certificates. 

* I have generated a CSR, obtained a certificate from a public CA (GoDaddy in this case) and provided the certificate and CA chain to the service provider. 
* They have supposedly loaded the the CA and my client certificate into their gateway.
* I am working with the most basic level tests using `openssl s_client -connect ... -cert ... -key ...`
* The provider tells me that their logs suggest my requests do not include a client SSL certificate at all.
* Strangely, the proper CA issuer for my certificate does appear in list of &quot;Acceptable client certificate CA names&quot; provided during the SSL handshake.
* For reference, a self-signed certificate I created and provided to them for testing does in fact work properly.

## A sample (failed) request

	[shell ~]$ openssl s_client -connect host:443 -cert cert_and_key.pem -key cert_and_key.pem -state -quiet
	CONNECTED(00000003)
	SSL_connect:before/connect initialization
	SSL_connect:SSLv2/v3 write client hello A
	SSL_connect:SSLv3 read server hello A
	depth=2 **SNIP**
	verify return:1
	depth=1 **SNIP**
	verify return:1
	depth=0 **SNIP**
	verify return:1
	SSL_connect:SSLv3 read server certificate A
	SSL_connect:SSLv3 read server key exchange A
	SSL_connect:SSLv3 read server certificate request A
	SSL_connect:SSLv3 read server done A
	SSL_connect:SSLv3 write client certificate A
	SSL_connect:SSLv3 write client key exchange A
	SSL_connect:SSLv3 write certificate verify A
	SSL_connect:SSLv3 write change cipher spec A
	SSL_connect:SSLv3 write finished A
	SSL_connect:SSLv3 flush data
	SSL3 alert read:fatal:unknown CA
	SSL_connect:failed in SSLv3 read finished A
	140011313276744:error:14094418:SSL routines:SSL3_READ_BYTES:tlsv1 alert unknown ca:s3_pkt.c:1197:SSL alert number 48
	140011313276744:error:140790E5:SSL routines:SSL23_WRITE:ssl handshake failure:s23_lib.c:184:

My reading of the `SSL3 alert read:fatal:unknown CA` error is that the server does not recognize the issuer of the certificate I am (in fact) providing. However, the provider &quot;assures&quot; me that the CA certificates are loaded properly and I have been unable to convince them otherwise.

## Question

So, putting other (extensive) troubleshooting steps aside, what I&#39;d really like to know is: 

__Is there some output available from `openssl s_client` that conclusively shows that a client certificate wasn&#39;t just requested by the server, but in fact was _transmitted_ to the server during the SSL handshake?__ 

I have experimented with the `-state`, `-msg`, `-debug` and `-trace` options, but don&#39;t have the background necessary to interpret the output.

EJP&#39;s answer suggests that the sample output I provided is proof enough with the `write client certificate A`, but this output appears regardless of whether the `-cert` options was used on the command line or not, so it&#39;s not indicative that a certificate was **sent**.

openssl s_client -cert: Proving a client certificate was sent to the server

Let me explain my question first. I bought a certificate from a CA and used the following format to generate the csr and the private key:

    openssl req -new -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout server.key -out server.csr

When I open the server.key file, I see that it begins with &quot;-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----&quot;

I use the SSL cert on my server and everything looks fine.

Now I want to upload the same cert to AWS IAM so that I can use it for by beanstalk load balancer. I use the following command from this aws doc http://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/InstallCert.html#SubmitCSRCertAuth

    iam-servercertupload -b public_key_certificate_file  -k privatekey.pem -s certificate_object_name

I change the cert file names as required but keep getting this error: &quot;400 MalformedCertificate Invalid Private Key.&quot;

The interesting thing is, on the aws doc page, the sample private key that they show starts with &quot;-------Begin RSA Private Key--------&quot;

Is there a way to convert my private key to an RSA private key using openssl?

How to convert a private key to an RSA private key?

I&#39;m using requests to communicate with a django app but

When I try

    requests.get(&#39;https://mysite.com&#39;, verify=True)
 
I get the error:
&gt; hostname &#39;mysite.com&#39; doesn&#39;t match either of &#39;*.myhost.com&#39;, &#39;myhost.com&#39;

However, when I look at the browser, or http://www.digicert.com/help/ the certificate looks fine and dandy.

My host suggested it was the lack of SNI support from requests (and Github seems to confirm that https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/749 ).  Has anyone found a work-around using requests?

using requests with TLS doesn&#39;t give SNI support

I have `subdomain.example.com` that I use for development purposes. My web application solution contains a web API etc, that I need to call from external systems, hence I am not using localhost.

I now need to test for SSL and need a certificate for my `subdomain.example.com` development domain name.

I have tried creating a self-signed certificate as outlined in &lt;http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc753127(v=ws.10).aspx&gt;, but this certificate only works for localhost. Can this certificate be used for my purpose or will I have to create a self-signed for my development subdomain? If I have to create a self-signed certification for my development subdomain, what utility or online service (Free) can I use for this?

How to create a self-signed certificate for a domain name for development on Windows 10 and below?

I&#39;m trying to read the private key of a certificate which has been shared with me by a third-party service provider, so I can use it to encrypt some XML before sending it to them over the wire. I&#39;m doing so programmatically in C#, but I think this is a permissions or misconfiguration issue, so I&#39;ll focus on the facts which seem to be most relevant:

- I don&#39;t think this issue is code-related; my code works on other computers, and the issue affects sample code from Microsoft.
- The certificate was provided as a PFX file and is just for test purposes, so it also includes a dummy certification authority.
- Using MMC.exe, I can import the certificate into the personal store for the local machine, before granting permissions on the private key to all relevant accounts, and dragging and dropping the certification authority into the Trusted Root Certification Authorities.
- Using C#, I can load the certificate (identified by its thumbprint) and verify that it has a private key using `X509Certificate2.HasPrivateKey`. However, trying to read the key causes an error. In .NET a `CryptographicException` is thrown with the message &quot;Invalid provider type specified&quot; upon trying to access the property `X509Certificate2.PrivateKey`. In Win32, calling the method `CryptAcquireCertificatePrivateKey` returns the equivalent HRESULT, `NTE_BAD_PROV_TYPE`.
- This is the same exception which also occurs when using two of Microsoft&#39;s own code samples to read the private key of the certificate.
- Installing the same certificate in the equivalent store for the current user, instead of the local machine, allows the private key to be successfully loaded.
- I&#39;m on Windows 8.1 with local administrator rights, and I&#39;ve tried running my code in both normal and elevated modes. Colleagues on Windows 7 and Windows 8 have been able to load the key from the local machine store for the same certificate.
- I can successfully read the private key of the self-signed IIS test certificate, which is in the same store location.
- I am already targeting .NET 4.5 (this error has been reported with some older versions of the framework).
- I don&#39;t think this is a problem with certificate templates, because I would expect that to affect both the local machine and current-user stores equally?

Unlike my colleagues, I have made multiple previous attempts to uninstall and re-install the certificate in various ways, including via IIS Manager and also including an older certificate from the same issuer. I can&#39;t see any traces of old or duplicate certificates in MMC. However, I do have many private key files of identical size which, based on the last-write time, must have been left behind after my various installation attempts. These are found at the following locations, for the local machine and current user stores respectively:

c:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\MachineKeys

c:\Users\&lt;username&gt;\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\S-1-5-21-[rest of user ID]

So, can anyone please advise whether:

- It&#39;s a good idea to uninstall the certificate using MMC, delete all those files which look like orphaned private keys, and then re-install the certificate and try again?
- There any other files which I should try to manually delete?
- There&#39;s anything else I should try?

UPDATE - Added a code sample showing an attempt to read a private key:

    static void Main()
    {
        // Exception occurs when trying to read the private key after loading certificate from here:
        X509Store store = new X509Store(&quot;MY&quot;, StoreLocation.LocalMachine);
        // Exception does not occur if certificate was installed to, and loaded from, here:
        //X509Store store = new X509Store(&quot;MY&quot;, StoreLocation.CurrentUser);
      
        store.Open(OpenFlags.ReadOnly | OpenFlags.OpenExistingOnly);

        X509Certificate2Collection collection = (X509Certificate2Collection)store.Certificates;
        X509Certificate2Collection fcollection = (X509Certificate2Collection)collection.Find(X509FindType.FindByTimeValid, DateTime.Now, false);
        X509Certificate2Collection scollection = X509Certificate2UI.SelectFromCollection(fcollection, &quot;Test Certificate Select&quot;, &quot;Select a certificate from the following list to get information on that certificate&quot;, X509SelectionFlag.MultiSelection);
        Console.WriteLine(&quot;Number of certificates: {0}{1}&quot;, scollection.Count, Environment.NewLine);

        foreach (X509Certificate2 x509 in scollection)
        {
            try
            {
                Console.WriteLine(&quot;Private Key: {0}&quot;, x509.HasPrivateKey ? x509.PrivateKey.ToXmlString(false) : &quot;[N/A]&quot;);
                x509.Reset();
            }
            catch (CryptographicException ex)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
            }
        }
        store.Close();

        Console.ReadLine();
    }


&quot;Invalid provider type specified&quot; CryptographicException when trying to load private key of certificate

![enter image description here][1]


In Internet Information Services Manager, you&#39;re given the option between the Personal and the Web Hosting certificate store when creating or importing a certificate.

**What&#39;s the difference?**

  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/t8Ddf.png

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Julian Lettner	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Windows	Edward Thomson	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Windows	Andomar	View Answer on Stackoverflow

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