This approach to using `new-object` should work:

    $cert = new-object System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate `
          -ArgumentList @(,$bytes)

The trick is that PowerShell is expecting an array of constructor arguments.  When there is only one argument and it is an array, it can confuse PowerShell&#39;s overload resolution algorithm.  The code above helps it out by putting the byte array in an array with just that one element.

**Update:** in PowerShell &gt;= v5 you can call the constructor directly like so:

    $cert = [System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate]::new($bytes)

Surprisingly to me, I tried this and it seems it works:

    [byte[]] $certPublicBytes = something
    $cert = [System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate] $certPublicBytes
    return $cert

I don&#39;t yet know by what magic it works, so your explanatory comments are appreciated. :)

(Note: I since found that using square-brackets-type-name as I did above, can also lead to other errors, such as &#39;Cannot convert value &quot;System.Byte[]&quot; to type &quot;System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate&quot;. Error:
&quot;Cannot find the requested object.&#39; The explicit New-Object approach recommended by Keith seems better!)

I want to write some try and catch that catch any type or exception, is this code is enough (that&#39;s the way to do in Java)?

    try {
    code....
    }
    catch (Exception ex){}

Or should it be

    try {
    code....
    }
    catch {}

?

   

How to catch all exceptions in c# using try and catch?

I put a `UIScrollView` in my nib&#39;s `view`, and linked it to a an `IBOutlet` property.

Now, when I do this in my `viewDidLoad` method, it seems to have no effect on the `contentSize`:

    self.sv.backgroundColor = [UIColor yellowColor]; // this works
    CGSize size =  CGSizeMake(1000.0, 1000.0); 
    [self.sv setContentSize:size]; // this does not

It behaves as if the `contentSize` was the same as the frame. What&#39;s going on?
This started working when I turned off AutoLayout. Why?

UIScrollView contentSize not working

In PowerShell, I want to use `New-Object` to call a single-argument .Net constructor `new X509Certificate2(byte[] byteArray)`. The problem is when I do this with a byte array from powershell, I get 

&gt; New-Object : Cannot find an overload for &quot;X509Certificate2&quot; and the argument count: &quot;516&quot;.



How do I call New-Object for a constructor which takes a single array parameter?

<p>In PowerShell, I want to use <code>New-Object</code> to call a single-argument .Net constructor <code>new X509Certificate2(byte[] byteArray)</code>. The problem is when I do this with a byte array from powershell, I get</p>
<p>> New-Object : Cannot find an overload for "X509Certificate2" and the argument count: "516".</p>


I have a TypeScript class definition that starts like this;

    module Entities {          
    
        export class Person {
            private _name: string;
            private _possessions: Thing[];
            private _mostPrecious: Thing;
    
            constructor (name: string) {
                this._name = name;
                this._possessions = new Thing[100];
            }

Looks like an array of type Thing does not get translated correctly to the corresponding Javascript array type.  This is a snippet from the generated JavaScript:

    function Person(name) {
        this._name = name;
        this._possessions = new Entities.Thing[100]();
    }

Executing code containing a Person object, throw an exception when attempting to initialize the _possession field:
&gt; Error is &quot;0x800a138f - Microsoft JScript runtime error: Unable to get value of the property &#39;100&#39;: object is null or undefined&quot;.

If I change the type of _possession to `any[]`  and initialize _possession with `new Array()` exception is not thrown.  Did I miss something?

TypeScript typed array usage

I cannot find any examples, in books or on the web, describing how one would properly initialize an associative array by name only (with empty values) - unless, of course, this IS the proper way(?)

It just feels as though there is another more efficient way to do this:

**config.php**

    class config {
        public static $database = array (
            &#39;dbdriver&#39; =&gt; &#39;&#39;,
            &#39;dbhost&#39; =&gt; &#39;&#39;,
            &#39;dbname&#39; =&gt; &#39;&#39;,
            &#39;dbuser&#39; =&gt; &#39;&#39;,
            &#39;dbpass&#39; =&gt; &#39;&#39;
        );
    }

    // Is this the right way to initialize an Associative Array with blank values?
    // I know it works fine, but it just seems ... longer than necessary.

**index.php**

    require config.php

    config::$database[&#39;dbdriver&#39;] = &#39;mysql&#39;;
    config::$database[&#39;dbhost&#39;] = &#39;localhost&#39;;
    config::$database[&#39;dbname&#39;] = &#39;test_database&#39;;
    config::$database[&#39;dbuser&#39;] = &#39;testing&#39;;
    config::$database[&#39;dbpass&#39;] = &#39;P@$$w0rd&#39;;

    // This code is irrelevant, only to show that the above array NEEDS to have Key
    // names, but Values that will be filled in by a user via a form, or whatever.

Any recommendations, suggestions, or direction would be appreciated. Thanks.

Initialize an Associative Array with Key Names but Empty Values

How to convert `byte[]` to `Byte[]` and also `Byte[]` to `byte[]`, in the case of not using any 3rd party library?

Is there a way to do it fast just using the standard library?


How to convert byte[] to Byte[] and the other way around?

I need to add elements to an `ArrayList` queue whatever, but when I call the function to add an element, I want it to add the element at the beginning of the array (so it has the lowest index) and if the array has 10 elements adding a new results in deleting the oldest element (the one with the highest index).

Does anyone have any suggestions?


Java ArrayList how to add elements at the beginning

I&#39;ve noticed that a lot of good answers to MATLAB questions on Stack&amp;nbsp;Overflow frequently use the function `bsxfun`. Why?

**Motivation:** In the MATLAB documentation for `bsxfun`, the following example is provided:

    A = magic(5);
    A = bsxfun(@minus, A, mean(A))

Of course we could do the same operation using:

    A = A - (ones(size(A, 1), 1) * mean(A));

And in fact a simple speed test demonstrates the second method is about 20% faster. So why use the first method? I&#39;m guessing there are some circumstances where using `bsxfun` will be much faster than the &quot;manual&quot; approach. I&#39;d be really interested in seeing an example of such a situation and an explanation as to why it is faster.

Also, one final element to this question, again from the MATLAB documentation for `bsxfun`: &quot;C = bsxfun(fun,A,B) applies the element-by-element binary operation specified by the function handle fun to arrays A and B, with singleton expansion enabled.&quot;. What does the phrase &quot;with singleton expansion enabled&quot; mean?



In MATLAB, when is it optimal to use bsxfun?

The following PowerShell code

    #Get a server object which corresponds to the default instance
    $srv = New-Object -TypeName Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.SMO.Server
    ... rest of the script ...

Gives the following error message: 

    New-Object : Cannot find type [Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.SMO.Server]: make sure 
    the assembly containing this type is loaded.
    At C:\Users\sortelyn\ ... \tools\sql_express_backup\backup.ps1:6  char:8
    + $srv = New-Object -TypeName Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.SMO.Server
    +        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    + CategoryInfo          : InvalidType: (:) [New-Object], PSArgumentException
    + FullyQualifiedErrorId : TypeNotFound,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.NewObjectCommand

Every answer on the Internet writes that I have to load the assembly - well sure I can read that from the error message :-) - the question is: 

How do you load the assembly and make the script work?


How to load assemblies in PowerShell?

A web service I need to interact with (often manually for testing) requires an extra HTTP header on certain requests. Quick manual testing works quite great with PowerShell&#39;s `New-WebServiceProxy` but so far I haven&#39;t found an option to add another HTTP header to the request.

Is there something for that?

Is it possible to send additional HTTP headers to web services via New-WebServiceProxy

I need to get all the files including the files present in the subfolders that belong to a particular type.

I am doing something like this, using [Get-ChildItem][1]:

    Get-ChildItem &quot;C:\windows\System32&quot; -Recurse | where {$_.extension -eq &quot;.txt&quot;}

However, it&#39;s only returning me the files names and not the entire path.

  [1]: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh849800.aspx


Get full path of the files in PowerShell

I&#39;m having trouble with this command:

    gc .\domains.txt | Get-ADDomain

As the name implies, domains.txt contains a list of Active Directory to query (all domains are in the same forest).

If I run it on my Windows 8 machine everything works fine and I get the expected results, instead on a Windows 2008 R2 SP1 member server (not a DC) with WMF 3.0 I get result only from the first domain in the list and for the others:

    Get-ADDomain : A referral was returned from the server


If I query a domain in the list with:

    Get-ADDomain &lt;Domain name here&gt;

it works fine.

My Workstation
==============
Microsoft Windows 8 Enterprise (6.2.9200) x64

    PS D:\Tools\Powershell&gt; $PSVersionTable

    Name                           Value
    ----                           -----
    PSVersion                      3.0
    WSManStackVersion              3.0
    SerializationVersion           1.1.0.1
    CLRVersion                     4.0.30319.18010
    BuildVersion                   6.2.9200.16384
    PSCompatibleVersions           {1.0, 2.0, 3.0}
    PSRemotingProtocolVersion      2.2

Server
====
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Standard SP1 (6.1.7601) x64

    PS C:\Tools\Powershell&gt; $PSVersionTable

    Name                           Value
    ----                           -----
    WSManStackVersion              3.0
    PSCompatibleVersions           {1.0, 2.0, 3.0}
    SerializationVersion           1.1.0.1
    BuildVersion                   6.2.9200.16398
    PSVersion                      3.0
    CLRVersion                     4.0.30319.269
    PSRemotingProtocolVersion      2.2

Update
====

If i run on the server:

    gc .\domains.txt | %{ Get-ADDomain $_ }

it runs fine

TRACE
=====

    trace-command -Name ParameterBinding { &quot;DOMAIN_1&quot;,&quot;DOMAIN_2&quot; | Get-ADDomain } -PSHost

Server: http://pastebin.com/sRVJHaCU

Workstation: http://pastebin.com/kj3JV6nV

Thanks in advance

Powershell v3.0 pipe issue

I can get all sub-items recursively using this command:

    Get-ChildItem -recurse

But is there a way to limit the depth? If I only want to recurse one or two levels down for example?

Limit Get-ChildItem recursion depth

Dart supports both named optional parameters and positional optional parameters. What are the differences between the two?

Also, how can you tell if an optional parameter was actually specified?

What is the difference between named and positional parameters in Dart?

How do I pass a function as a parameter without the function executing in the &quot;parent&quot; function or using `eval()`? (Since I&#39;ve read that it&#39;s insecure.)

I have this:

    addContact(entityId, refreshContactList());

It works, but the problem is that `refreshContactList` fires when the function is called, rather than when it&#39;s used in the function.

I could get around it using `eval()`, but it&#39;s not the best practice, according to what I&#39;ve read. How can I pass a function as a parameter in JavaScript?

Pass a JavaScript function as parameter

In this period I am studing the Spring MVC showcase example (downloadable from STS dasboard) and I have some simple question about the `Request Mapping` examples:

1) In my `home.jsp` page I have this link:

			&lt;li&gt;
				&lt;a id=&quot;byParameter&quot; class=&quot;textLink&quot; href=&quot;&lt;c:url value=&quot;/mapping/parameter?foo=bar&quot; /&gt;&quot;&gt;By path, method, and presence of parameter&lt;/a&gt;
			&lt;/li&gt;

As you can see by this link I am doing an HTTP GET Request having a &quot;foo&quot; parameter containing the value: &quot;bar&quot;.

This HTTP Request is handled by the following method of the controller class MappingController:

	@RequestMapping(value=&quot;/mapping/parameter&quot;, method=RequestMethod.GET, params=&quot;foo&quot;)
	public @ResponseBody String byParameter() {
		return &quot;Mapped by path + method + presence of query parameter! (MappingController)&quot;;
	}

This method manage HTTP Request (only `GET` type) that have a parameter named &quot;foo&quot;

How can I take the value (&quot;bar&quot;) of this parameter and put it in a variable inside the code of my by Parameter method?

Spring MVC How take the parameter value of a GET HTTP Request in my controller method?

Can the following query be modified to return all records if the `?` is null?

    SELECT NAME, SURNAME FROM MY_TABLE WHERE NAME = ?;



sql query if parameter is null select all

I&#39;ve just come across someone&#39;s C code that I&#39;m confused as to why it is compiling. There are two points I don&#39;t understand.

1.  The **function prototype** has no parameters compared to the actual function definition. 


2. The parameter in the **function definition** does not have a type.


----------


    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;

    int func();

    int func(param)
    {
    	return param;
    }

    int main()
    {
    	int bla = func(10);    
    	printf(&quot;%d&quot;, bla);
    }



Why does this work? 
I have tested it in a couple of compilers, and it works fine.


Why does a function with no parameters (compared to the actual function definition) compile?

I&#39;ve got a class that has a couple of objects as member variables. I don&#39;t want the constructors for these members to be called when declared, so I&#39;m trying to hang onto a pointer to the object explicitly. I have no idea what I&#39;m doing.

I thought maybe I could do the following, where the constructor is called immediately when initializing the object member variable:

    class MyClass {
        public:
            MyClass(int n);
        private:
            AnotherClass another(100); // Construct AnotherClass right away!
    };

But I want the `MyClass` constructor to call the `AnotherClass` constructor. Here&#39;s what my code looks like:

### FIle *BigMommaClass.h*

    #include &quot;ThingOne.h&quot;
    #include &quot;ThingTwo.h&quot;

    class BigMommaClass {

            public:
                    BigMommaClass(int numba1, int numba2);

            private:
                    ThingOne* ThingOne;
                    ThingTwo* ThingTwo;
    };


### FIle *BigMommaClass.cpp*

    #include &quot;BigMommaClass.h&quot;

    BigMommaClass::BigMommaClass(int numba1, int numba2) {
            this-&gt;ThingOne = ThingOne(100);
            this-&gt;ThingTwo = ThingTwo(numba1, numba2);
    }

Here&#39;s the error I&#39;m getting when I try to compile:

```lang-none
g++ -Wall -c -Iclasses -o objects/BigMommaClass.o classes/BigMommaClass.cpp
In file included from classes/BigMommaClass.cpp:1:0:
classes/BigMommaClass.h:12:8: error: declaration of &#226;ThingTwo* BigMommaClass::ThingTwo&#226;
classes/ThingTwo.h:1:11: error: changes meaning of &#226;ThingTwo&#226; from &#226;class ThingTwo&#226;
classes/BigMommaClass.cpp: In constructor &#226;BigMommaClass::BigMommaClass(int, int)&#226;:
classes/BigMommaClass.cpp:4:30: error: cannot convert &#226;ThingOne&#226; to &#226;ThingOne*&#226; in assignment
classes/BigMommaClass.cpp:5:37: error: &#226;((BigMommaClass*)this)-&gt;BigMommaClass::ThingTwo&#226; cannot be used as a function
make: *** [BigMommaClass.o] Error 1
```

Am I using the right approach, but the wrong syntax? Or should I be coming at this from a different direction?






How can I initialize C++ object member variables in the constructor?

    class Person
    {
        public int age;
        public Person()
        {
            age = 1;
        }
    }

    class Customer : Person
    {
        public Customer()
        {
            age += 1;
        }
    }

    Customer customer = new Customer();


Would the age of customer be 2? It seems like the base class&#39;s constructor will be called no matter what. If so, why do we need to call `base` at the end sometimes?

    public Customer() : base()
    {
        .............
    }


Will the base class constructor be automatically called?

How do I call a super constructor in Dart? Is it possible to call named super constructors?

How do I call a super constructor in Dart?

I am having some trouble working out how defining constructors in interfaces work. I might be totally misunderstanding something. But I have searched for answers for a good while and I can not find anything related to this. 

How do I implement the following interface in a TypeScript class: 

    interface MyInterface {
        new ( ... ) : MyInterface;
    }

Anders Hejlsberg creates an interface containing something similar to this in this [video](http://media.ch9.ms/ch9/c3e5/e5e02f2e-5962-48db-9ddd-85e27a4fc3e5/IntroducingTSAndersH_mid.mp4) (at around 14 minutes). But for the life of me I can not implement this in a class.

I am probably misunderstanding something, what am I not getting? 

EDIT: 

To clarify. With &quot;new ( ... )&quot; I meant &quot;anything&quot;. My problem is that I can not get even the most basic version of this working: 

    interface MyInterface {
        new () : MyInterface;
    }

    class test implements MyInterface {
        constructor () { }
    }

This is not compiling for me I get &quot;Class &#39;test&#39; declares interface &#39;MyInterface&#39; but does not implement it: Type &#39;MyInterface&#39; requires a construct signature, but Type &#39;test&#39; lacks one&quot; when trying to compile it.

EDIT: 

So after researching this a bit more given the feedback. 

    interface MyInterface {
        new () : MyInterface;
    }

    class test implements MyInterface {
        constructor () =&gt; test { return this; }
    }

Is not valid TypeScript and this does not solve the problem. You can not define the return type of the constructor. It will return &quot;test&quot;.  The signature of the following: 
    class test {
        constructor () { }
    }
Seems to be &quot;new () =&gt; test&quot; (obtained by hovering over &quot;class&quot; in the online editor with just that code pasted in). And this is what we would want and what i thought it would be. 

Can anyone provide an example of this or something similar where it is actually compiling? 

EDIT (again...):

So I might have come up with an idea as to why it is possible to define this in an interface but not possible to implement in a TypeScript class.The following works: 

    var MyClass = (function () {
        function MyClass() { }
        return MyClass;
    })();

    interface MyInterface {
    	new () : MyInterface;
    }

    var testFunction = (foo: MyInterface) : void =&gt;  { }
    var bar = new MyClass();
    testFunction(bar);

So is this only a feature of TypeScript that lets you interface javascript? Or is it possible to implement it in TypeScript without having to implement the class using javascript? 

How does interfaces with construct signatures work?

**EDIT : Summary of answers**

In the following, B is a subclass of A.

It&#39;s a matter of terminology; ctors and dtors are **not** inherited, in the sense that the ctor/dtor of B will *not* be borrowed from A&#39;s interface. A class has at least one constructor, and has exactly one destructor.

 - **Constructors**: 
  - B does not inherit constructors from A;
  - Unless B&#39;s ctor explicitely calls *one of* A&#39;s ctor, the default ctor from A will be called automatically *before* B&#39;s ctor body (the idea being that A needs to be initialized before B gets created).
 - **Destructors**:
  - B does not inherit A&#39;s dtor;
  - *After* it exits, B&#39;s destructor will automatically call A&#39;s destructor.


*Acknowledgements:*
I would like to thank especially Oli Charlesworth and Kos for their answers, I set Kos&#39; answer as the solution because it was the one I understood best.

----------

**ORIGINAL POST**

When you search for &quot;C++ destructor inheritance site:stackoverflow.com&quot; on Google, you currently find the following posts:

 1.  https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8103805/constructor-and-destructor-inheritance: two users with 30k+ reputation say that it is inherited, and that it&#39;s not
 2.  https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2198379/are-virtual-destructors-inherited: here nothing is mentioned that would point to destructors not being inherited
 3.  https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6856488/destructors-and-inheritance-in-c: The comments seem to indicate the destructors are inherited

**Q1:** What I also know from practice, is that you cannot initialize a derived object with the same prototype than it&#39;s parent constructor without explicitely defining a constructor for the derived class, is that correct?


----------


Even though it&#39;s rather clear from the posts that destructors seem to be inherited, I&#39;m still puzzled by the fact that a user with 32k reputation would say its not. I wrote a little example that should clarify everyone&#39;s mind:

    #include &lt;cstdio&gt;

    /******************************/

    // Base class
    struct A
    {
        A() { printf( &quot;\tInstance counter = %d (ctor)\n&quot;, ++instance_counter ); }
        ~A() { printf( &quot;\tInstance counter = %d (dtor)\n&quot;, --instance_counter ); }

        static int instance_counter;
    };

    // Inherited class with default ctor/dtor
    class B : public A {};

    // Inherited class with defined ctor/dtor
    struct C : public A
    {
        C() { printf(&quot;\tC says hi!\n&quot;); }
        ~C() { printf(&quot;\tC says bye!\n&quot;); }
    };

    /******************************/

    // Initialize counter
    int A::instance_counter = 0;

    /******************************/

    // A few tests
    int main()
    {
        printf(&quot;Create A\n&quot;); A a;
        printf(&quot;Delete A\n&quot;); a.~A();

        printf(&quot;Create B\n&quot;); B b;
        printf(&quot;Delete B\n&quot;); b.~B();

        printf(&quot;Create new B stored as A*\n&quot;); A *a_ptr = new B();
        printf(&quot;Delete previous pointer\n&quot;); delete a_ptr;

        printf(&quot;Create C\n&quot;); C c;
        printf(&quot;Delete C\n&quot;); c.~C();

    }

and here is the output (compiled with g++ 4.4.3):

    Create A
        Instance counter = 1 (ctor)
    Delete A
        Instance counter = 0 (dtor)
    Create B
        Instance counter = 1 (ctor)
    Delete B
        Instance counter = 0 (dtor)
    Create new B stored as A*
        Instance counter = 1 (ctor)
    Delete previous pointer
        Instance counter = 0 (dtor)
    Create C
        Instance counter = 1 (ctor)
        C says hi!
    Delete C
        C says bye!
        Instance counter = 0 (dtor)  // We exit main() now
        C says bye! 
        Instance counter = -1 (dtor)
        Instance counter = -2 (dtor)
        Instance counter = -3 (dtor)

**Q2:** Can anybody who thinks it&#39;s not inherited please explain that?

**Q3:** So what happens when you call the constructor of a subclass with inputs? Is the &quot;empty constructor&quot; of the superclass called as well?

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Tim Lovell-Smith	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Arrays	Keith Hill	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Arrays	Tim Lovell-Smith	View Answer on Stackoverflow

How do I call New-Object for a constructor which takes a single array parameter?

Arrays Problem Overview

Arrays Solutions

Solution 1 - Arrays

Solution 2 - Arrays

UIScrollView contentSize not working

How to catch all exceptions in c# using try and catch?

Attributions