Use `git show HEAD^1`. You can replace `HEAD` with your commit-hash

Edit to take multiple parents into account:
---------------------------------

In case you want to see all the parents for a commit hash, you can use `git rev-list --parents -n 1 &lt;commithash&gt;` or use `git show` as @Bhaskar suggested in the comments to the question.

There are other ways as well as explained [here][1]. 


  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/a/9059633/2279816

Depends on commit message:
`git log | grep -A &lt;number_of_lines&gt; &lt;commit_hash&gt;
&lt;number_of_lines&gt;`


I want to create a new colormap which interpolates between green and blue (or any other two colours for that matter). My goal is to get something like: ![gradient][1]

First of all I am really not sure if this can be done using linear interpolation of blue and green. If it can, I&#39;m not sure how to do so, I found some documentation on using a matplotlib method that interpolates specified RGB values [here](http://matplotlib.org/api/colors_api.html) 

The real trouble is understanding how &quot;cdict2&quot; works below. For the example the documentation says:

&quot;Example: suppose you want red to increase from 0 to 1 over the bottom half, green to do the same over the middle half, and blue over the top half. Then you would use:&quot;

    from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
    import matplotlib 
    import numpy as np

    plt.figure()
    a=np.outer(np.arange(0,1,0.01),np.ones(10))
    cdict2 = {&#39;red&#39;:   [(0.0,  0.0, 0.0),
                       (0.5,  1.0, 1.0),
                       (1.0,  1.0, 1.0)],
             &#39;green&#39;: [(0.0,  0.0, 0.0),
                       (0.25, 0.0, 0.0),
                       (0.75, 1.0, 1.0),
                       (1.0,  1.0, 1.0)],
             &#39;blue&#39;:  [(0.0,  0.0, 0.0),
                       (0.5,  0.0, 0.0),
                       (1.0,  1.0, 1.0)]} 
    my_cmap2 = matplotlib.colors.LinearSegmentedColormap(&#39;my_colormap2&#39;,cdict2,256)
    plt.imshow(a,aspect=&#39;auto&#39;, cmap =my_cmap2)                   
    plt.show()


  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/A16dI.jpg

EDIT: I now understand how the interpolation works, for example this will give a red to white interpolation:

White to red: Going down the columns of the &quot;matrix&quot; for each colour, in column one we have the xcoordinate of where we want the interpolation to start and end and the two other columns are the actual values for the colour value at that coordinate.   
                
    cdict2 = {&#39;red&#39;:   [(0.0,  1.0, 1.0),
                        (1.0,  1.0, 1.0),
                        (1.0,  1.0, 1.0)],
             &#39;green&#39;: [(0.0,  1.0, 1.0),
                       (1.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                       (1.0,  0.0, 0.0)],
         &#39;blue&#39;:  [(0.0,  1.0, 1.0),
                   (1.0,  0.0, 0.0),
                   (1.0,  0.0, 0.0)]} 

It is evident that the gradient I want will be very difficult to create by interpolating in RGB space...  

How to create colour gradient in Python?

I managed to produce the graph correctly, but with some more testing noted inconsistent result for the following two different line of codes:

    colors = [h.edge[i][j][&#39;color&#39;] for (i,j) in h.edges_iter()]
    widths = [h.edge[i][j][&#39;width&#39;] for (i,j) in h.edges_iter()]
    nx.draw_circular(h, edge_color=colors, width=widths)
    
This approach results in consistent output, while the following produces wrong color/size per the orders of edges:
    
    colors = list(nx.get_edge_attributes(h,&#39;color&#39;).values())
    widths = list(nx.get_edge_attributes(h,&#39;width&#39;).values())
    nx.draw_circular(h, edge_color=colors, width=widths)

However, it looks to me the above two lines both rely on the function call to return the attributes per the order of edges. Why the different results?

It looks a bit clumsy to me to access attributes with  `h[][][]`; is it possible to access it by dot convention, e.g. `edge.color for edge in h.edges()`.

Or did I miss anything?

networkx - change color/width according to edge attributes - inconsistent result

git 1.7.1

`git show &lt;hash&gt;:&lt;file&gt;` gives me the file based on the commit hash provided

I am trying to figure out how to bet the file of the previous commit before the one who&#39;s hash I have.

I know I can always use the `log` to get all hashes and figure out the one i need but that&#39;s not a good solution in my case as I am trying to minimise the number of commands I need to do for performance issues.

Was wondering if there is a simple way.

GIT get the commit hash prior to a specific commit

git 1.7.1
<code>git show &#x3C;hash>:&#x3C;file></code> gives me the file based on the commit hash provided
I am trying to figure out how to bet the file of the previous commit before the one who's hash I have.
I know I can always use the <code>log</code> to get all hashes and figure out the one i need but that's not a good solution in my case as I am trying to minimise the number of commands I need to do for performance issues.
Was wondering if there is a simple way.

I&#39;m confused about what&#39;s the correct way to ignore the contents of a directory in git.

Assume I have the following directory structure:

    my_project  
         |--www  
             |--1.txt  
             |--2.txt
         |--.gitignore

 
What&#39;s the difference between putting this:

    www

And this?

    www/*

The reason I&#39;m asking this question is: In git, if a directory is empty, git won&#39;t include such empty directory in repository. So I was trying the solution that is add an extra .gitkeep file under the directory so that it won&#39;t be empty. When I was trying that solution, if in the .gitignore file, I write like below:

    www
    !*.gitkeep

It doesn&#39;t work(My intention is to ignore all contents under www but keep the directory). But if I try the following:

    www/* 
    !*.gitkeep

Then it works! So I think it must has some differences between the two approaches.

What&#39;s the difference between Git ignoring directory and directory/*?

How do I update file permissions with `git-bash` on Windows 7?

I&#39;ve tried the following without success:

    $ ls -al scripts/script.sh
    -rw-r--r--    1 myUid   Administ       70 Sep  8 11:24 scripts/script.sh
    
    $ git update-index --chmod=+x scripts/script.sh
    
    $ ls -al scripts/script.sh
    -rw-r--r--    1 myUid   Administ       70 Sep  8 11:24 scripts/script.sh
    
    $ chmod +x scripts/script.sh
    
    $ ls -al scripts/script.sh
    -rw-r--r--    1 myUid   Administ       70 Sep  8 11:24 scripts/script.sh

Updating file permissions with git-bash on Windows 7

I have a tag already pushed onto the remote. When another user creates the same tag and tries to push, the push will fail because the tag already exists on the remote.

But I thought if I did `--f force tag push`, it should work. But that is not what I see.

I think I have to do this.

     Create tag
     Push tag -&gt; If push fails -&gt; Delete tag on remote
                               -&gt; push tag again.

Is this correct? Isn`t force pushing a tag supposed to take care of this?

I am using annotated tags with 
      
     git -a v1.0 -f -m &quot;message&quot;



Git force push tag when the tag already exists on remote

Just finised work on my `other` branch. Now I need to test that this works on Heroku before I merge with the `master` branch.

Is it possible to push the `other` branch to Heroku and it replace the contents of my last push which was from the `master` branch?

Push different branch to Heroku

I&#39;m currently using GitHub over HTTPS and have the latest version of Git installed (1.9.0) along with the Git credential helper on Windows 7.

On setting up my environment, I told git-credentials to permanently remember my username and password.

I&#39;ve recently updated my GitHub password via the website and I&#39;m now no longer able to push/pull/fetch, etc. 

How I would go about updating my password on git-credentials helper on Windows 7?


Git credential helper - update password

How to get only the  process ID for a specified process name in linux?

    ps -ef|grep java    
    test 31372 31265  0 13:41 pts/1    00:00:00 grep java

Based on the process id I will write some logic. So how do I get only the process id for a specific process name. 

Sample program:

    PIDS= ps -ef|grep java
    if [ -z &quot;$PIDS&quot; ]; then
    echo &quot;nothing&quot;
    else
    mail test@domain.com
    fi




How to get only process ID in specify process name in linux?

I&#39;m currently playing around with the [fish shell][1] and I&#39;m having some trouble wrapping my head around how the ```PATH``` variable is set. For what it&#39;s worth, I&#39;m also using [oh-my-fish][2].

If I echo my current path I get:

    ➜ fish echo $PATH
    /usr/local/bin /usr/bin /bin /usr/sbin /sbin /usr/local/bin /opt/X11/bin /usr/texbin /Users/myname/.opam/system/bin

Looking at ```~/.config/fish/config.fish``` I see the following line

    set PATH /usr/local/bin $PATH /Users/myname/.opam/system/bin

My question is (and this phrasing will probably reflect my lack of knowledge on the subject): prior to ```config.fish``` being processed, where is the ```PATH``` variable set? ie: where do all of the paths between ```/usr/local/bin``` and ```/Users/myname/.opam/system/bin``` come from?

  [1]: http://fishshell.com/
  [2]: https://github.com/oh-my-fish/oh-my-fish/tree/ecf1af6228b3d8ed7dde3304124645b2bc2980d3

Modifying PATH with fish shell

When I&#39;m using a rooted Android device as ADB host to send adb command &quot;adb devices&quot; to Samsung S4, I received device unauthorized error message. However when I tried adb to Samsung Galaxy Nexus, it is working fine. Can anyone advise how to solve my Samsung S4 problem?

&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;

    =========================================
    # adb devices
    List of devices attached
    4d00f9169907301b        unauthorized
    =========================================

Thanks in advance.

**Edit:**
Found that this problem only happened to Android 4.2.2 and above. The following link explained that Google has implemented some new security features for using adb.

http://nelenkov.blogspot.com/2013/02/secure-usb-debugging-in-android-422.html

Appreciate if anyone can help on this.


How to solve ADB device unauthorized in Android ADB host device?

What would be the best way to check the *exit status* in an `if` statement in order to echo a specific output?

I&#39;m thinking of it being:

```shell
if [ $? -eq 1 ] 
then
    echo &quot;blah blah blah&quot;
fi
```

The issue I am also having is that the `exit` statement is before the `if` statement simply because it has to have that exit code. Also, I know I&#39;m doing something wrong since the exit would obviously exit the program.

How to check the exit status using an &#39;if&#39; statement

While I was playing around in my shell investigating the answer to [this question][1], I noticed that, even though `/bin/sh` was pointing to `/bin/bash` on my system, the two commands behave differently.  First of all, the output of

    ls -lh /bin/sh

is:

    lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Apr 22  2013 /bin/sh -&gt; bash*

However, invoking the following command through `/bin/sh`:

    /bin/sh -c &quot;script.sh 2&gt; &gt;( grep -v FILTER 2&gt;&amp;1 )&quot;

returns this error:

    /bin/sh: -c: line 0: syntax error near unexpected token &#39;&gt;&#39;
    /bin/sh: -c: line 0: &#39;script.sh 2&gt; &gt;( grep -v FILTER 2&gt;&amp;1 )&#39;

While running the same command through `/bin/bash`:

    /bin/bash -c &quot;script.sh 2&gt; &gt;( grep -v FILTER 2&gt;&amp;1 )&quot;

executes successfully, here is the output:

    This should be on stderr

For reference, here is the contents of `script.sh`:

    #!/bin/sh
    echo &quot;FILTER: This should be filtered out&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2
    echo &quot;This should be on stderr&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2
    echo &quot;FILTER: This should be filtered out&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2

Why do the two invocations behave differently?

  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26707034/redirect-stderr-through-grep-v-in-lsf-batch-job




Why does /bin/sh behave differently to /bin/bash even if one points to the other?

I just installed python 2.7 and also pip to the 2.7 site package.

When I get the version with:

    pip -V

It shows:

    pip 1.3.1 from /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages (python 2.6)

How do I use the 2.7 version of pip located at: 

    /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages

how to use python2.7 pip instead of default pip

I&#39;m trying to figure out what is the full complete configuration of an httpd setup.  

All the configurations files are scattered in different files (/etc/httpd/conf.d, httpd.conf, various mod configs)  

Is there a way to list the final httpd configuration?  
Like the whole running setup configuration in a single file?

How can I view the complete httpd configuration?


I&#39;m using VirtualBox with OS X as host and CentOS on the guest VM.

In OS X I created folder `myfolder`, added it as shared folder to the VM, turned on the VM, in CentOS created folder `/home/user/myfolder` and typing:

    sudo mount -t vboxsf myfolder /home/user/myfolder
and have output:

    /sbin/mount.vboxsf: mounting failed with the error: No such device
What I&#39;m doing wrong?

**UPDATED:**

`Guest Additions` installed.

VirtualBox: mount.vboxsf: mounting failed with the error: No such device

`docker exec -it` command returns following error &quot;cannot enable tty mode on non tty input&quot; 

    level=&quot;fatal&quot; msg=&quot;cannot enable tty mode on non tty input&quot; 

I am running docker(1.4.1) on centos box 6.6.
I am trying to execute the following command
`docker exec -it containerName /bin/bash`
but I am getting following error 

    level=&quot;fatal&quot; msg=&quot;cannot enable tty mode on non tty input&quot; 

docker exec -it returns &quot;cannot enable tty mode on non tty input&quot;

I have an Ansible playbook for deploying a Java app as an init.d daemon.

Being a beginner in both Ansible and Linux I&#39;m having trouble to conditionally execute tasks on a host based on the host&#39;s status.

Namely I have some hosts having the service already present and running where I want to stop it before doing anything else. And then there might be new hosts, which don&#39;t have the service yet. So I can&#39;t simply use `service: name={{service_name}} state=stopped`, because this will fail on new hosts.

How I can I achieve this? Here&#39;s what I have so far:
  

      - name: Check if Service Exists
        shell: &quot;if chkconfig --list | grep -q my_service;   then echo true;   else echo false; fi;&quot;
        register: service_exists
    
    # This should only execute on hosts where the service is present
      - name: Stop Service
        service: name={{service_name}} state=stopped
        when: service_exists
        register: service_stopped
    
    # This too
      - name: Remove Old App Folder
        command: rm -rf {{app_target_folder}}
        when: service_exists

    # This should be executed on all hosts, but only after the service has stopped, if it was present
      - name: Unpack App Archive
        unarchive: src=../target/{{app_tar_name}} dest=/opt



Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	transilvlad	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Git	Nikhil Gupta	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Git	Anton Melnyk	View Answer on Stackoverflow

GIT get the commit hash prior to a specific commit

Git Problem Overview

Git Solutions

Solution 1 - Git

Edit to take multiple parents into account:

Solution 2 - Git

networkx - change color/width according to edge attributes - inconsistent result

How to create colour gradient in Python?

Attributions