Use the [theme] function:

    library(grid)
    
    p + theme(panel.spacing = unit(2, &quot;lines&quot;))

See also here: [Slicing plots generated by ggplot2][1]

[theme]: http://docs.ggplot2.org/current/theme.html
[1]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3491421/

Just to add to @rcs response:

    # Change spacing between facets on both axis
    p + theme(panel.spacing = unit(2, &quot;lines&quot;))
    
    # Change horizontal spacing between facets
    p + theme(panel.spacing.x = unit(2, &quot;lines&quot;))
    
    # Change vertical spacing between facets
    p + theme(panel.spacing.y = unit(2, &quot;lines&quot;))

Erg, I&#39;m trying to find these two methods in the BCL using Reflector, but can&#39;t locate them. What&#39;s the difference between these two snippets?

A:

    IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; items = ...
    
    Parallel.ForEach(items, item =&gt; {
       ...
    });

B:

    IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; items = ...
    
    foreach (var item in items.AsParallel())
    {
       ...
    }

Are there different consequences of using one over the other? (Assume that whatever I&#39;m doing in the bracketed bodies of both examples is thread safe.)


Parallel.ForEach() vs. foreach(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.AsParallel())

I am just learning maven, and we have recently needed to go more and more. I would like to know the difference between 

`mvn clean install`

`mvn release`

`mvn deploy`

Please be as descriptive as possible.

mvn clean install vs. deploy vs. release

I have several faceted histograms (obtained with the command below) which are nicely plotted one under the other. I would like to increase the spacing between them, however, they are tight.

I looked at the [doc][1] but didn&#39;t find a parameter for this. 



    qplot (Happiness.Level, Number.of.Answers, data=mydata, geom=&quot;histogram&quot;) + facet_grid (Location ~ .) 


  [1]: http://had.co.nz/ggplot2/facet_grid.html

ggplot: How to increase spacing between faceted plots?

I have several faceted histograms (obtained with the command below) which are nicely plotted one under the other. I would like to increase the spacing between them, however, they are tight.
I looked at the <a href="http://had.co.nz/ggplot2/facet_grid.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">doc</a> but didn't find a parameter for this.
<pre><code class="hljs language-ini">qplot (Happiness.Level, Number.of.Answers, data=mydata, geom="histogram") + facet_grid (Location ~ .) 
</code></pre>

In the following example, how do I get the y-axis limits to scale according to the data in each panel?

    mt &lt;- ggplot(mtcars, aes(mpg, wt, colour = factor(cyl))) + geom_point() 

Neither of these will do it:

    mt + facet_grid(. ~ cyl, scales=&quot;free&quot;)
    mt + facet_grid(. ~ cyl, scales=&quot;free_y&quot;)





ggplot2, facet_grid, free scales?

Suppose I&#39;m using R&#39;s interactive console, and I&#39;ve just done something like this:

    long_running_command()

That long-running command returns a value, and I&#39;ve just realized that I wanted to assign that value to a variable instead of discard it. So how can I get that value without running the command again? Is there a command like this?

    result = get_last_return_value()



How to assign the result of the previous expression to a variable?

I&#39;m plotting a categorical variable and instead of showing the counts for each category value.

I&#39;m looking for a way to get `ggplot` to display the percentage of values in that category. Of course, it is possible to create another variable with the calculated percentage and plot that one, but I have to do it several dozens of times and I hope to achieve that in one command.

I was experimenting with something like 

    qplot(mydataf) +
      stat_bin(aes(n = nrow(mydataf), y = ..count../n)) +
      scale_y_continuous(formatter = &quot;percent&quot;)

but I must be using it incorrectly, as I got errors.

To easily reproduce the setup, here&#39;s a simplified example:

    mydata &lt;- c (&quot;aa&quot;, &quot;bb&quot;, NULL, &quot;bb&quot;, &quot;cc&quot;, &quot;aa&quot;, &quot;aa&quot;, &quot;aa&quot;, &quot;ee&quot;, NULL, &quot;cc&quot;);
    mydataf &lt;- factor(mydata);
    qplot (mydataf); #this shows the count, I&#39;m looking to see % displayed.

In the real case, I&#39;ll probably use `ggplot` instead of `qplot`, but the right way to use [stat_bin][1] still eludes me.

I&#39;ve also tried these four approaches:

    ggplot(mydataf, aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..))) + 
      scale_y_continuous(formatter = &#39;percent&#39;);

    ggplot(mydataf, aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..))) + 
      scale_y_continuous(formatter = &#39;percent&#39;) + geom_bar();

    ggplot(mydataf, aes(x = levels(mydataf), y = (..count..)/sum(..count..))) + 
      scale_y_continuous(formatter = &#39;percent&#39;);
    
    ggplot(mydataf, aes(x = levels(mydataf), y = (..count..)/sum(..count..))) + 
      scale_y_continuous(formatter = &#39;percent&#39;) + geom_bar();

but all 4 give:

&gt;     Error: ggplot2 doesn&#39;t know how to deal with data of class factor

The same error appears for the simple case of 

    ggplot (data=mydataf, aes(levels(mydataf))) +
      geom_bar()

so it&#39;s clearly something about how `ggplot` interacts with a single vector. I&#39;m scratching my head, googling for that error gives a single [result][2]. 


  [1]: http://had.co.nz/ggplot2/stat_bin.html
  [2]: http://groups.google.com/group/ggplot2/browse_thread/thread/0489a702f3afc83b

Show percent % instead of counts in charts of categorical variables

Can anyone tell me how to find the common elements from multiple vectors?

    a &lt;- c(1,3,5,7,9)
    b &lt;- c(3,6,8,9,10)
    c &lt;- c(2,3,4,5,7,9)

I want to get the common elements from the above vectors (ex: 3 and 9) 

How to find common elements from multiple vectors?

    cbind(1:2, 1:10)  
         [,1] [,2]  
      [1,]    1    1  
      [2,]    2    2  
      [3,]    1    3  
      [4,]    2    4  
      [5,]    1    5  
      [6,]    2    6  
      [7,]    1    7  
      [8,]    2    8  
      [9,]    1    9  
     [10,]    2   10  

I want an output like below  

    [,1] [,2]  
    [1,] 1 1  
    [2,] 2 2  
    [3,]   3  
    [4,]   4  
    [5,]   5  
    [6,]   6  
    [7,]   7  
    [8,]   8  
    [9,]   9  
    [10,]  10  



How to cbind or rbind different lengths vectors without repeating the elements of the shorter vectors?

Is it possible to plot a matrix of scatter plots with `ggplot2`, using `ggplot`&#39;s nice features like mapping additional factors to color, shape etc. and adding smoother?

I am thinking about something similar to the `base` function `pairs`.

Create a matrix of scatterplots (pairs() equivalent) in ggplot2

I have a data.frame, that is sorted from highest to lowest. For example: 

    x &lt;- structure(list(variable = structure(c(10L, 6L, 3L, 4L, 2L, 8L, 
    9L, 5L, 1L, 7L), .Label = c(&quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, &quot;c&quot;, &quot;d&quot;, &quot;e&quot;, &quot;f&quot;, &quot;g&quot;, 
    &quot;h&quot;, &quot;i&quot;, &quot;j&quot;), class = c(&quot;ordered&quot;, &quot;factor&quot;)), value = c(0.990683229813665, 
    0.975155279503106, 0.928571428571429, 0.807453416149068, 0.717391304347826, 
    0.388198757763975, 0.357142857142857, 0.201863354037267, 0.173913043478261, 
    0.0496894409937888)), .Names = c(&quot;variable&quot;, &quot;value&quot;), row.names = c(10L, 
    6L, 3L, 4L, 2L, 8L, 9L, 5L, 1L, 7L), class = &quot;data.frame&quot;)

    ggplot(x, aes(x=variable,y=value)) + geom_bar(stat=&quot;identity&quot;) + 
     scale_y_continuous(&quot;&quot;,label=scales::percent) + coord_flip() 

Now, the data is nice and sorted, but when I plot, it comes out sorted by factor. It&#39;s annoying, how do I fix it?

ggplot2: sorting a plot

A very newbish question, but say I have data like this:

    test_data &lt;-
      data.frame(
        var0 = 100 + c(0, cumsum(runif(49, -20, 20))),
        var1 = 150 + c(0, cumsum(runif(49, -10, 10))),
        date = seq(as.Date(&quot;2002-01-01&quot;), by=&quot;1 month&quot;, length.out=100)
      )

How can I plot both time series `var0` and `var1` on the same graph, with `date` on the x-axis, using `ggplot2`?  Bonus points if you make `var0` and `var1` different colours, and can include a legend!

I&#39;m sure this is very simple, but I can&#39;t find any examples out there.

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	wishihadabettername	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - R	rcs	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - R	Gorka	View Answer on Stackoverflow

ggplot: How to increase spacing between faceted plots?

R Problem Overview

R Solutions

Solution 1 - R

Solution 2 - R

mvn clean install vs. deploy vs. release

Parallel.ForEach() vs. foreach(IEnumerable<T>.AsParallel())

Attributions