The deep parsing of argument names is unique for PHP AFAIK.

If you need just a simple list, just pass several parameters with the same name and use `request.args.getlist(&lt;paramname&gt;)` ([documentation](http://werkzeug.pocoo.org/docs/wrappers/#werkzeug.wrappers.BaseRequest.args)).

Otherwise you have to parse the query string yourself.

`request.args` is a MultiDict instance ([MultiDict][1], [Flask request api][2]).

    request.args[key] ## returns a single value, the first if there are multiple
    request.args.getlist(key) ## returns a list

If you want to submit structures more complex than can be encoded using simple key:vals, consider sending a json encoded object.

Also, look at the jQuery recursive param serialisation [pattern][3], and the [jquery-unparam][4] lib which can deserialise it.


  [1]: http://werkzeug.pocoo.org/docs/datastructures/#werkzeug.datastructures.MultiDict
  [2]: http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/api/#flask.Request
  [3]: http://api.jquery.com/jQuery.param/
  [4]: https://bitbucket.org/k_bx/jquery-unparam/overview

Is it possible to convert a string to a byte array and then convert it back to the original string in Java or Android?

My objective is to send some strings to a microcontroller (Arduino) and store it into EEPROM (which is the only 1&amp;nbsp; KB). I tried to use an [MD5][1] hash, but it seems it&#39;s only one-way encryption. What can I do to deal with this issue?

  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5


Convert a String to a byte array and then back to the original String

In Intellij, if I have an error in a source file, then when building I can choose `&quot;Exclude from Compile&quot;` by right-clicking on the file in the build output.
But, now I would like to include the file again.  Where is the menu item that lets me put it back into the build?  (The file shows in the Project window, and has a small `&#39;x&#39;` in its icon to show it is excluded, but I see no way to get this to go away.)

Edit - I found there is a `compiler.xml` file, and I found I can delete the file from the `&quot;excludeFromCompile&quot;` section, but still, there must be a menu item somewhere to do this.

reinclude excluded file in Intellij

I know in php I could just use `$_GET[&#39;key1&#39;][&#39;key2&#39;]` to retrieve GET data that is sent in the form of an array but is that something possible in Python as I just receive a string and it&#39;s not recognized as an array/list.

I use flask/werkzeug if that matters.

Getting the array as GET query parameters in Python

<p>I know in php I could just use <code>$_GET['key1']['key2']</code> to retrieve GET data that is sent in the form of an array but is that something possible in Python as I just receive a string and it's not recognized as an array/list.</p>
<p>I use flask/werkzeug if that matters.</p>


Example of scatterplot matrix

![enter image description here][1]

Is there such a function in matplotlib.pyplot?


  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/Sz6SK.jpg

Is there a function to make scatterplot matrices in matplotlib?

In R, there is a function called `abline` in which a line can be drawn on a plot based on the specification of the intercept (first argument) and the slope (second argument). For instance,

    plot(1:10, 1:10)
    abline(0, 1)

where the line with an intercept of 0 and the slope of 1 spans the entire range of the plot. Is there such a function in Matplotlib?


How to add line based on slope and intercept in Matplotlib?

I&#39;ve looked [through the docs][1] and I cant seem to find out how to do an OR query in SQLAlchemy. I just want to do this query.

    SELECT address FROM addressbook WHERE city=&#39;boston&#39; AND (lastname=&#39;bulger&#39; OR firstname=&#39;whitey&#39;)

Should be something like

    addr = session.query(AddressBook).filter(City == &quot;boston&quot;).filter(????)

  [1]: http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/orm/query.html



Using OR in SQLAlchemy

I have some code like this. Should the break occur before the periods or after?

    # before
    my_var = somethinglikethis.where(we=do_things).where(we=domore).where(we=everdomore)
    
    # this way
    my_var = somethinglikethis.where(we=do_things) \
                              .where(we=domore) \
                              .where(we=everdomore)
    
    # or this way
    my_var = somethinglikethis.where(we=do_things). \
                               where(we=domore). \
                               where(we=everdomore)



Correct style for line breaks when chaining methods in Python

I would like to create a new class that acts as a special type of container for objects, and can be accessed using square brackets.

For example, suppose I have a class called `ListWrapper`. Suppose `obj` is a `ListWrapper`. When I say `obj[0]`, I expect the method `obj.access()` to be called with 0 as an argument. Then, I can return whatever I want. Is this possible?
            

Create a python object that can be accessed with square brackets

I found this behaviour odd and wanted more experienced users to share their thoughts and workarounds.
On running the code sample below in R:

    sampleList &lt;- list()
    d&lt;- data.frame(x1 = letters[1:10], x2 = 1:10, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
    for(i in 1:nrow(d)) {
        	sampleList[[i]] &lt;- d$x1[i]
    }

    print(sampleList[[1]])
    #[1] &quot;a&quot;
    print(sampleList[[2]])
    #[1] &quot;b&quot;
    print(sampleList[[3]])
    #[1] &quot;c&quot;
    print(length(sampleList))
    #[1] 10
    
    sampleList[[2]] &lt;- NULL
    print(length(sampleList))
    #[1] 9
    print(sampleList[[2]])
    #[1] &quot;c&quot;
    print(sampleList[[3]])
    #[1] &quot;d&quot;


The list elements get shifted up. 
Maybe this is as expected, but I am trying to implement a function where I merge two elements of a list and drop one. I basically want to lose that list index or have it as NULL. 

Is there any way I can assign NULL to it and not see the above behaviour?

Thank you for your suggestions.


Assigning NULL to a list element in R?

In Python, is there a good way to interleave two lists of the same length?

Say I&#39;m given `[1,2,3]` and `[10,20,30]`. I&#39;d like to transform those into `[1,10,2,20,3,30]`.

Interleave multiple lists of the same length in Python

I&#39;ve been looking through a tutorial and book but I can find no mention of a built in product function i.e. of the same type as sum(), but I could not find anything such as `prod()`.

Is the only way I could find the product of items in a list by importing the `mul()` operator?

Is there a built-in product() in Python?

I have the following code:

    List&lt;Product&gt; product = new List&lt;Product&gt;();

The error:

    Cannot instantiate the type List&lt;Product&gt;

`Product` is an Entity in my EJB project. Why I&#39;m getting this error?


Cannot instantiate the type List&lt;Product&gt;

How do I get a new list without duplicates?

```
[1, 2, 3, 1]  →  [1, 2, 3]
```

How do I get a new list where items that are duplicated are entirely removed?

```
[1, 2, 3, 1]  →  [2, 3]
```

Removing duplicates in lists

My flask app layout is:

    myapp/
        run.py
        admin/
            __init__.py
            views.py
            pages/
                index.html
        main/
            __init__.py
            views.py
            pages/
                index.html

____init____.py files are empty. __admin/views.py__ content is:

    from flask import Blueprint, render_template
    admin = Blueprint(&#39;admin&#39;, __name__, template_folder=&#39;pages&#39;)

    @admin.route(&#39;/&#39;)
    def index():
        return render_template(&#39;index.html&#39;)

__main/views.py__ is similar to __admin/views.py__:


    from flask import Blueprint, render_template
    main = Blueprint(&#39;main&#39;, __name__, template_folder=&#39;pages&#39;)

    @main.route(&#39;/&#39;)
    def index():
        return render_template(&#39;index.html&#39;)

__run.py__ is:

    from flask import Flask
    from admin.views import admin
    from main.views import main

    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.register_blueprint(admin, url_prefix=&#39;/admin&#39;)
    app.register_blueprint(main, url_prefix=&#39;/main&#39;)

    print app.url_map

    app.run()

Now, if I access `http://127.0.0.1:5000/admin/`, it correctly displays admin/index.html.
However, `http://127.0.0.1:5000/main/` shows still admin/index.html instead of main/index.html. I checked app.url_map:

    &lt;Rule &#39;admin&#39; (HEAD, OPTIONS, GET) -&gt; admin.index,
    &lt;Rule &#39;main&#39; (HEAD, OPTIONS, GET) -&gt; main.index,

Also, I verified that index function in main/views.py is called as expected.
If I rename main/index.html to something different then it works. So, without
renaming, how can achieve that 1http://127.0.0.1:5000/main/1 shows main/index.html?



flask blueprint template folder

I am a big fan of **Flask** - in part because it is simple and in part because has a lot of [extensions][1].  However, Flask is meant to be used in a WSGI environment, and WSGI is not a non-blocking, so (I believe) it doesn&#39;t scale as well as **Tornado** for certain kinds of applications.

Since each one has an URL dispatcher which will call a function, and both will use Python files (in Django you dont launch the python file but in flask or tornado you do) do does it make sense to  have two seperate parts to your website - one part running the non-blocking jobs with Tornado, and the other part written with Flask?

If this is a good idea, how would you go about sharing cookies / sessions between Flask and Tornado? Will I run into issues, since Flask will use it own system and Tornado will use its own system?


  [1]: http://flask.pocoo.org/extensions/

using Flask and Tornado together?

There is form with two `&lt;input type=&quot;submit&quot;&gt;`. But when i&#39;m sending it, second submit causes error.

*layout*:

    &lt;form action=&quot;{{ url_for(&#39;index&#39;) }}&quot; method=&quot;post&quot;&gt;
        &lt;input type=&quot;submit&quot; name=&quot;add&quot; value=&quot;Like&quot;&gt;
        &lt;input type=&quot;submit&quot; name=&quot;remove&quot; value=&quot;Dislike&quot;&gt;
    &lt;/form&gt;

*main.py*:

    ...
    if request.method == &#39;POST&#39;:
        if request.form[&#39;add&#39;]:
            return redirect(url_for(&#39;index&#39;))
        elif request.form[&#39;remove&#39;]:
            return redirect(url_for(&#39;index&#39;))
    ...

First submit(add) works well, but second(remove)...:

&gt; **Bad Request** The browser(or proxy) sent a request that this server could not understand.

How can i fix this error?

**UPD**:

It was pretty simple:
request.form returns ImmutableMultiDict:

    ... 
    if &#39;Like&#39; in request.form.values():
         ...
    elif &#39;Dislike&#39; in request.form.values():
         ...


Form sending error, Flask

As an example, this URL:

    http://example.com/get_image?type=1

should return a response with a `image/gif` MIME type. I have two static `.gif` images,  
and if type is 1, it should return `ok.gif`, else return `error.gif`. How to do that in flask?

How to return images in flask response?

In a template, how do I get what page I&#39;m currently on? I&#39;d rather not pass a variable like `page` , especially when I know some `request.xxx` can provide me with the information.

    &lt;li {% if page==&quot;home&quot; %}class=&quot;active&quot;{% endif %}&gt;                   
        &lt;a href=&quot;/&quot;&gt;Home&lt;/a&gt;                                                
    &lt;/li&gt;                                                                 
    &lt;li {% if page==&quot;about&quot; %}class=&quot;active&quot;{% endif %}&gt;                  
        &lt;a href=&quot;/about&quot;&gt;About&lt;/a&gt;                                          
    &lt;/li&gt; 



Flask: current page in request variable

I read about _Pragma_ header on [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields) which says:

&gt; &quot;The Pragma: no-cache header field is an HTTP/1.0 header intended for
&gt; use in requests. It is a means for the browser to tell the server and
&gt; any intermediate caches that it wants a fresh version of the resource,
&gt; not for the server to tell the browser not to cache the resource. Some
&gt; user agents do pay attention to this header in responses, but the
&gt; HTTP/1.1 RFC specifically warns against relying on this behavior.&quot;

But I haven&#39;t understood what it does? What is the difference between the `Cache-Control` header whose value is `no-cache` and `Pragma` whose value is also `no-cache`?

Difference between Pragma and Cache-Control headers?

I try to build a python script who sends a POST with parameters for extracting the result.
With fiddler, I have extracted the post request who return that I want. The website uses https only. 

    POST /Services/GetFromDataBaseVersionned HTTP/1.1
    Host: www.mywbsite.fr
    &quot;Connection&quot;: &quot;keep-alive&quot;,
    &quot;Content-Length&quot;: 129,
    &quot;Origin&quot;: &quot;https://www.mywbsite.fr&quot;,
    &quot;X-Requested-With&quot;: &quot;XMLHttpRequest&quot;,
    &quot;User-Agent&quot;: &quot;Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.52 Safari/536.5&quot;,
    &quot;Content-Type&quot;: &quot;application/json&quot;,
    &quot;Accept&quot;: &quot;*/*&quot;,
    &quot;Referer&quot;: &quot;https://www.mywbsite.fr/data/mult.aspx&quot;,
    &quot;Accept-Encoding&quot;: &quot;gzip,deflate,sdch&quot;,
    &quot;Accept-Language&quot;: &quot;fr-FR,fr;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.6,en;q=0.4&quot;,
    &quot;Accept-Charset&quot;: &quot;ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3&quot;,
    &quot;Cookie&quot;: &quot;ASP.NET_SessionId=j1r1b2a2v2w245; GSFV=FirstVisit=; GSRef=https://www.google.fr/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=0CHgQFjAA&amp;url=https://www.mywbsite.fr/&amp;ei=FZq_T4abNcak0QWZ0vnWCg&amp;usg=AFQjCNHq90dwj5RiEfr1Pw; HelpRotatorCookie=HelpLayerWasSeen=0; NSC_GSPOUGS!TTM=ffffffff09f4f58455e445a4a423660; GS=Site=frfr; __utma=1.219229010.1337956889.1337956889.1337958824.2; __utmb=1.1.10.1337958824; __utmc=1; __utmz=1.1337956889.1.1.utmcsr=google|utmccn=(organic)|utmcmd=organic|utmctr=(not%20provided)&quot;
    
    {&quot;isLeftColumn&quot;:false,&quot;lID&quot;:-1,&quot;userIpCountryCode&quot;:&quot;FR&quot;,&quot;version&quot;:null,&quot;languageCode&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;,&quot;siteCode&quot;:&quot;frfr&quot;,&quot;Quotation&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;}

And now my python script:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: iso-8859-1 -*-
    import string
    import httplib
    import urllib2

    host = &quot;www.mywbsite.fr/sport/multiplex.aspx&quot;
        params=&#39;&quot;isLeftColumn&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;liveID&quot;:&quot;-1&quot;,&quot;userIpCountryCode&quot;:&quot;FR&quot;,&quot;version&quot;:&quot;null&quot;,&quot;languageCode&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;,&quot;siteCode&quot;:&quot;frfr&quot;,&quot;Quotation&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;&#39;

    headers = { Host: www.mywbsite.fr,
    &quot;Connection&quot;: &quot;keep-alive&quot;,
    &quot;Content-Length&quot;: 129,
    &quot;Origin&quot;: &quot;https://www.mywbsite.fr&quot;,
    &quot;X-Requested-With&quot;: &quot;XMLHttpRequest&quot;,
    &quot;User-Agent&quot;: &quot;Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.52 Safari/536.5&quot;,
    &quot;Content-Type&quot;: &quot;application/json&quot;,
    &quot;Accept&quot;: &quot;*/*&quot;,
    &quot;Referer&quot;: &quot;https://www.mywbsite.fr/data/mult.aspx&quot;,
    &quot;Accept-Encoding&quot;: &quot;gzip,deflate,sdch&quot;,
    &quot;Accept-Language&quot;: &quot;fr-FR,fr;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.6,en;q=0.4&quot;,
    &quot;Accept-Charset&quot;: &quot;ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3&quot;,
    &quot;Cookie&quot;: &quot;ASP.NET_SessionId=j1r1b2a2v2w245; GSFV=FirstVisit=;     GSRef=https://www.google.fr/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=0CHgQFjAA&amp;url=https://www.mywbsite.fr/&amp;ei=FZq_T4abNcak0QWZ0vnWCg&amp;usg=AFQjCNHq90dwj5RiEfr1Pw; HelpRotatorCookie=HelpLayerWasSeen=0; NSC_GSPOUGS!TTM=ffffffff09f4f58455e445a4a423660; GS=Site=frfr; __utma=1.219229010.1337956889.1337956889.1337958824.2; __utmb=1.1.10.1337958824; __utmc=1; __utmz=1.1337956889.1.1.utmcsr=google|utmccn=(organic)|utmcmd=organic|utmctr=(not%20provided)&quot;

    }

    url = &quot;/Services/GetFromDataBaseVersionned&quot;
 
    # POST the request
    conn = httplib.HTTPConnection(host,port=443)
    conn.request(&quot;POST&quot;,url,params,headers)
    response = conn.getresponse()

    data = response.read()
    print data

But when I run my script, I have this error:

    socket.gaierror: [Errno -2] Name or service not known

Python send POST with header

In symfony 2 controllers, every time I want to get a value from post I need to run:

    $this-&gt;getRequest()-&gt;get(&#39;value1&#39;);
    $this-&gt;getRequest()-&gt;get(&#39;value2&#39;);

Is there any way to consolidate these into one statement that would return an array? Something like Zend&#39;s getParams()?

Getting all request parameters in Symfony 2

I’m trying to make a request using CURL like this:

    curl -X DELETE &quot;https://myhost/context/path/users/OXYugGKg207g5uN/07V&quot; 

where `OXYugGKg207g5uN/07V` is a hash, so I suppose that I need to encode before do this request.

I have tried `curl -X DELETE --data-urlenconded &quot;https://myhost/context/path/users/OXYugGKg207g5uN/07V&quot;` 

Some ideas?

DELETE using CURL with encoded URL

In Google Chrome, how you can check which files are served from the browser cache, and which comes from the server?

Check whether network response is coming from server or Chrome cache

I want to be able to get the data sent to my Flask app. I&#39;ve tried accessing `request.data` but it is an empty string. How do you access request data?
    
```python
from flask import request

@app.route(&#39;/&#39;, methods=[&#39;GET&#39;, &#39;POST&#39;])
def parse_request():
    data = request.data  # data is empty
    # need posted data here
```

---

The answer to this question led me to ask https://stackoverflow.com/q/10999990 next, which is about getting the raw data rather than the parsed data.

Get the data received in a Flask request

Previously, I asked https://stackoverflow.com/q/10434599 because `request.data` was empty. The answer explained that `request.data` is the raw post body, but will be empty if form data is parsed.  How can I get the raw post body unconditionally?

    @app.route(&#39;/&#39;, methods=[&#39;POST&#39;])
    def parse_request():
        data = request.data  # empty in some cases
        # always need raw data here, not parsed form data

Get raw POST body in Python Flask regardless of Content-Type header

Is the server bundled with Flask safe for deployment in a production environment? If not, what should I use to deploy Flask in production?

Is the server bundled with Flask safe to use in production?

I am using `url_for` to generate a redirect URL when a user has logged out:

    return redirect(url_for(&#39;.index&#39;, _external=True))

However, when I changed the page to a *https* connection, the `url_for` still gives me *http*.

I would like to explicitly ask `url_for` to add *https* at the beginning of a URL.

Can you point me how to change it? I looked at Flask docs, without luck.

Flask url_for generating http URL instead of https

**app.py**

    from flask import Flask, render_template, request,jsonify,json,g
    import mysql.connector
    
    app = Flask(__name__)
    **class TestMySQL():**
      @app.before_request
      def before_request():
        try:
           g.db = mysql.connector.connect(user=&#39;root&#39;, password=&#39;root&#39;, database=&#39;mysql&#39;)
        except mysql.connector.errors.Error as err:
          resp = jsonify({&#39;status&#39;: 500, &#39;error&#39;: &quot;Error:{}&quot;.format(err)})
          resp.status_code = 500
          return resp
    @app.route(&#39;/&#39;)
    def input_info(self):
        try:     
            cursor = g.db.cursor()
            cursor.execute (&#39;CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS testmysql (id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL, \
                     email VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL UNIQUE)&#39;)
            cursor.close()


test.py

    from app import *
    class Test(unittest.TestCase):         
     def test_connection1(self):  
       with patch(&#39;__main__.mysql.connector.connect&#39;) as  mock_mysql_connector_connect:
       object=TestMySQL()
       object.before_request()  &quot;&quot;&quot;Runtime error on calling this&quot;  
       
     
     
I am importing **app** into **test.py** for unit testing.On calling  &#39;*before_request*&#39; function into test.py ,it is throwing RuntimeError: working outside of application context
same is happening on calling &#39;*input_info()*&#39;


Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Romeo M.	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	cschorn	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Python	Rob Cowie	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Getting the array as GET query parameters in Python

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Solution 2 - Python

reinclude excluded file in Intellij

Convert a String to a byte array and then back to the original String

Attributions