You want `filter`, not `filter_by`:

    Invoice.query.filter(Invoice.invoicedate &gt;= date.today())

See [this answer](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2128505/whats-the-difference-between-filter-and-filter-by-in-sqlalchemy) for more on `filter` vs `filter_by`

When I push to remote in Git, I get this warning:

    warning: push.default is unset; its implicit value is changing in
    Git 2.0 from &#39;matching&#39; to &#39;simple&#39;. To squelch this message
    and maintain the current behavior after the default changes, use:
    
      git config --global push.default matching
    
    To squelch this message and adopt the new behavior now, use:
    
      git config --global push.default simple
    
    See &#39;git help config&#39; and search for &#39;push.default&#39; for further information.
    (the &#39;simple&#39; mode was introduced in Git 1.7.11. Use the similar mode
    &#39;current&#39; instead of &#39;simple&#39; if you sometimes use older versions of Git)
    
    To **********************************
       6b9a6d2..3ab1eab  master -&gt; master

What does this warning mean and what should be done about it?

Git warning: push.default is unset; its implicit value is changing

A Razor view has 3 buttons inside a form. All button&#39;s actions will need form values which are basically values coming input fields.

Every time I click any of buttons it redirected me to default action. Can you please guide how I can submit form to different actions based on button press ?

I really appreciate your time, guidance and help.

MVC razor form with multiple different submit buttons?

I&#39;m having trouble figuring out how to do a &quot;greater than or equal to&quot; comparison in a query.

I have a model field:

    invoicedate = db.Column(db.Date(), nullable=True, key=&#39;InvoiceDate&#39;)

And i&#39;m trying to do the following filter:

    Invoice.query.filter_by(invoicedate &gt;= date.today()).count()

When I run the view, it keeps throwing the following error:

    NameError: global name &#39;invoicedate&#39; is not defined

What is the correct syntax for a greater than or equal filter in sqlalchemy or flask-sqlalchemy?

Flask-SQLAlchemy - Greater than or equal to

I'm having trouble figuring out how to do a "greater than or equal to" comparison in a query.
I have a model field:
<pre><code class="hljs language-ini">invoicedate = db.Column(db.Date(), nullable=True, key='InvoiceDate')
</code></pre>
And i'm trying to do the following filter:
<pre><code class="hljs language-scss">Invoice.query.filter_by(invoicedate >= date.today()).count()
</code></pre>
When I run the view, it keeps throwing the following error:
<pre><code class="hljs language-csharp">NameError: global name 'invoicedate' is not defined
</code></pre>
What is the correct syntax for a greater than or equal filter in sqlalchemy or flask-sqlalchemy?

I have been googling and reading through the SQLAlchemy documentation but haven&#39;t found what I am looking for.

I am looking for a function in SQLAlchemy that limits the number of results returned by a query to a certain number, for example: 5? Something like `first()` or `all()`.

SQLAlchemy query to return only n results?

I&#39;m trying to integrate PostgreSQL and SQLAlchemy but SQLAlchemy.create_all() is not creating any tables from my models.

My code:
    &lt;!-- language: python --&gt;

    from flask import Flask
    from flask.ext.sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
    
    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.config[&#39;SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI&#39;] = &#39;postgresql+psycopg2://login:pass@localhost/flask_app&#39;
    db = SQLAlchemy(app)
    db.create_all()
    db.session.commit()
    
    class User(db.Model):
        id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
        username = db.Column(db.String(80), unique=True)
        email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
    
        def __init__(self, username, email):
            self.username = username
            self.email = email
    
        def __repr__(self):
            return &#39;&lt;User %r&gt;&#39; % self.username
    
    admin = User(&#39;admin&#39;, &#39;admin@example.com&#39;)
    guest = User(&#39;guest&#39;, &#39;guest@example.com&#39;)
    db.session.add(admin)
    db.session.add(guest)
    db.session.commit()
    users = User.query.all()
    print users        

    
But I get this error: `sqlalchemy.exc.ProgrammingError: (ProgrammingError) relation &quot;user&quot; does not exist`

How can I fix this?

SQLAlchemy create_all() does not create tables

I want my model&#39;s primary key to be an autoincrementing integer. Here is how my model looks like

    class Region(db.Model):
        __tablename__ = &#39;regions&#39;
        id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        name = db.Column(db.String(100))
        parent_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey(&#39;regions.id&#39;))
        parent = db.relationship(&#39;Region&#39;, remote_side=id, primaryjoin=(&#39;Region.parent_id==Region.id&#39;), backref=&#39;sub-regions&#39;)
        created_at = db.Column(db.DateTime, default=db.func.now())
        deleted_at = db.Column(db.DateTime)

The above code creates my table but does not make `id` autoincrementing. So if in my insert query I miss the `id` field it gives me this error 

&gt; ERROR:  null value in column &quot;id&quot; violates not-null constraint

So I changed the `id` declaration to look like this

    id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.Sequence(&#39;seq_reg_id&#39;, start=1, increment=1),
                   primary_key=True)

Still the same error. What is wrong with the code above?

unable to create autoincrementing primary key with flask-sqlalchemy

I want to implement a function that gives information about all the tables (and their column names) that are present in a database (not only those created with SQLAlchemy). While reading the documentation it seems to me that this is done via reflection but I didn&#39;t manage to get something working. Any suggestions or examples on how to do this?

List database tables with SQLAlchemy

Following what we commented in [How to close sqlalchemy connection in MySQL][1], I am checking the connections that SQLAlchemy creates into my database and I cannot manage to close them without exiting from Python.

If I run this code in a python console, it keeps the session opened until I exit from python:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
    from models import OneTable, get_engine
    
    engine = get_engine(database=&quot;mydb&quot;)
    session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)()
    
    results = session.query(OneTable.company_name).all()

    # some work with the data #

    session.close()

and the only workaround I found to close it is to call `engine.dispose()` at the end.

As per the comments in the link I gave above, my question are now:

- Why is `engine.dispose()` necessary to close sessions?
- Doesn&#39;t `session.close()` suffice?

  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8645250/how-to-close-sqlalchemy-connection-in-mysql/8705750?noredirect=1#comment32872652_8705750

How to close a SQLAlchemy session?

I&#39;m trying to create two buttons on a page. Each one I would like to carry out a different Python script on the server. So far I have only managed to **get/collect** one button using.

    def contact():
      form = ContactForm()
 
      if request.method == &#39;POST&#39;:
        return &#39;Form posted.&#39;
 
      elif request.method == &#39;GET&#39;:
         return render_template(&#39;contact.html&#39;, form=form)

What would I need to change based on button pressed?

Flask Python Buttons

I&#39;m trying to build a simple API using Flask, in which I now want to read some POSTed JSON. I do the POST with the Postman Chrome extension, and the JSON I POST is simply `{&quot;text&quot;:&quot;lalala&quot;}`. I try to read the JSON using the following method:

    @app.route(&#39;/api/add_message/&lt;uuid&gt;&#39;, methods=[&#39;GET&#39;, &#39;POST&#39;])
    def add_message(uuid):
        content = request.json
        print content
        return uuid

On the browser it correctly returns the UUID I put in the GET, but on the console, it just prints out `None` (where I expect it to print out the `{&quot;text&quot;:&quot;lalala&quot;}`. Does anybody know how I can get the posted JSON from within the Flask method? 

How to get POSTed JSON in Flask?

I am writing my first flask application. I am dealing with file uploads, and basically what I want is to read the data/content of the uploaded file without saving it and then print it on the resulting page. Yes, I am assuming that the user uploads a text file always.

Here is the simple upload function i am using:

    @app.route(&#39;/upload/&#39;, methods=[&#39;GET&#39;, &#39;POST&#39;])
    def upload():
        if request.method == &#39;POST&#39;:
            file = request.files[&#39;file&#39;]
            if file:
                filename = secure_filename(file.filename)
                file.save(os.path.join(app.config[&#39;UPLOAD_FOLDER&#39;], filename))
                a = &#39;file uploaded&#39;

        return render_template(&#39;upload.html&#39;, data = a)

Right now, I am saving the file, but what I need is that &#39;a&#39; variable to contain the content/data of the file .. any ideas?

Read file data without saving it in Flask

I&#39;ve been using the request/application context for some time without fully understanding how it works or why it was designed the way it was. What is the purpose of the &quot;stack&quot; when it comes to the request or application context? Are these two separate stacks, or are they both part of one stack? Is the request context pushed onto a stack, or is it a stack itself? Am I able to push/pop multiple contexts on top of eachother? If so, why would I want to do that?

Sorry for all the questions, but I&#39;m still confused after reading the documentation for Request Context and Application Context.

What is the purpose of Flask&#39;s context stacks?

I have a Flask server running through port 5000, and it&#39;s fine. I can access it at http://example.com:5000

But is it possible to simply access it at http://example.com? I&#39;m assuming that means I have to change the port from 5000 to 80. But when I try that on Flask, I get this error message when I run it.

    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File &quot;xxxxxx.py&quot;, line 31, in &lt;module&gt;
    app.run(host=&quot;0.0.0.0&quot;, port=int(&quot;80&quot;), debug=True)
       File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/flask/app.py&quot;, line 772, in run
    run_simple(host, port, self, **options)
      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/werkzeug/serving.py&quot;, line 706, in run_simple
        test_socket.bind((hostname, port))
      File &quot;&lt;string&gt;&quot;, line 1, in bind
    socket.error: [Errno 98] Address already in use

Running `lsof -i :80` returns 

    COMMAND   PID     USER   FD   TYPE   DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
    apache2   467     root    3u  IPv4 92108840      0t0  TCP *:www (LISTEN)
    apache2  4413 www-data    3u  IPv4 92108840      0t0  TCP *:www (LISTEN)
    apache2 14346 www-data    3u  IPv4 92108840      0t0  TCP *:www (LISTEN)
    apache2 14570 www-data    3u  IPv4 92108840      0t0  TCP *:www (LISTEN)
    apache2 14571 www-data    3u  IPv4 92108840      0t0  TCP *:www (LISTEN)
    apache2 14573 www-data    3u  IPv4 92108840      0t0  TCP *:www (LISTEN)

Do I need to kill these processes first? Is that safe? Or is there another way to keep Flask running on port 5000 but have the main website domain redirect somehow?

How do I get Flask to run on port 80?

The [quickstart tutorial][1] for the Flask-SQLAlchemy plugin instructs users to create table models inheriting the `db.Model` class, e.g.
    
    app = Flask(__main__)
    db = SQLAlchemy(app)
    class Users(db.Model):
        __tablename__ = &#39;users&#39;
        ...

However, the [SQLAlchemy tutorial][2] and the bottle-SQLAlchemy [README][3] both suggest that table models inherit a `Base` instantiated from `declarative_base()`.

    Base = declarative_base()
    class Users(Base):
        __tablename__ = &#39;users&#39;
        ...

What is the difference between these two approaches?

  [1]: http://pythonhosted.org/Flask-SQLAlchemy/quickstart.html
  [2]: http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/orm/tutorial.html
  [3]: https://github.com/iurisilvio/bottle-sqlalchemy

What is the difference between the declarative_base() and db.Model?

I am using Flask-SQLAlchemy and Blueprints and I cannot help myself from using circular imports. 
I know I can write imports inside functions and make it work but it sounds nasty, I&#39;d like to confirm with the community if there is a better way to do this.

The problem is I have a module (blueprints.py) where I declare the database and import the blueprints but those blueprints need to import the database declaration at the same time.

This is the code (excerpt of the important parts):

##application.apps.people.views.py
    from application.blueprints import db
    
    people = Blueprint(&#39;people&#39;, __name__,
                     template_folder=&#39;templates&#39;,
                     static_folder=&#39;static&#39;)

    class User(db.Model):
        id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
        username = db.Column(db.String(80), unique=True)

    @people.route(&#39;/all&#39;)
    def all():
        users = User.query.all()

##application.blueprints.py
    from application.apps.people.views import people

    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.config[&#39;SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI&#39;] = &#39;sqlite:////tmp/test.db&#39;
    db = SQLAlchemy(app)
    app.register_blueprint(people, url_prefix=&#39;/people&#39;)



I have read the documentation and the questions I found on this topic, but I still cannot find the answer I am looking for.
I have found this chapter (https://pythonhosted.org/Flask-SQLAlchemy/contexts.html) where it suggest to put the initialization code inside a method but the circular import still persist.

**Edit**
I fixed the problem using the pattern [Application Factory][1]


  [1]: http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/patterns/appfactories/

Circular import of db reference using Flask-SQLAlchemy and Blueprints

I&#39;m trying to create a web app with Flask that lets a user upload a file and serve them to another user. Right now, I can upload the file to the *upload_folder* correctly. But I can&#39;t seem to find a way to let the user download it back.

I&#39;m storing the name of the filename into a database. 

I have a view serving the database objects. I can delete them too.

    @app.route(&#39;/dashboard&#39;, methods=[&#39;GET&#39;, &#39;POST&#39;])
    def dashboard():

        problemes = Probleme.query.all()

        if &#39;user&#39; not in session:
            return redirect(url_for(&#39;login&#39;))

        if request.method == &#39;POST&#39;:
            delete = Probleme.query.filter_by(id=request.form[&#39;del_button&#39;]).first()
            db.session.delete(delete)
            db.session.commit()
            return redirect(url_for(&#39;dashboard&#39;))

        return render_template(&#39;dashboard.html&#39;, problemes=problemes)


In my HTML I have:

    &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;{{ url_for(&#39;download&#39;, filename=probleme.facture) }}&quot;&gt;Facture&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;

and a download view :

    @app.route(&#39;/uploads/&lt;path:filename&gt;&#39;, methods=[&#39;GET&#39;, &#39;POST&#39;])
    def download(filename):
        return send_from_directory(directory=app.config[&#39;UPLOAD_FOLDER&#39;], filename=filename)

But it&#39;s returning : 

&gt; Not Found

The requested URL was not found on the server. If you entered the URL manually please check your spelling and try again.

I just want to link the filename to the object and let the user download it (For every object in the same view) 

Flask Download a File

When I&#39;m trying to create a database schema migration, I&#39;m getting this weird error. Can you please help me to figure out what&#39;s wrong?    

    $ python app.py db upgrade
    [skipped]
    sqlalchemy.exc.ArgumentError: Mapper Mapper|EssayStateAssociations|essay_associations could not assemble any primary key columns for mapped table &#39;essay_associations&#39;

**My model:**

    class EssayStateAssociations(db.Model):
        __tablename__ = &#39;essay_associations&#39;
       
        application_essay_id = db.Column(
            db.Integer,
            db.ForeignKey(&quot;application_essay.id&quot;),
            primary_key=True),
        theme_essay_id = db.Column(
            db.Integer,
            db.ForeignKey(&quot;theme_essay.id&quot;),
            primary_key=True),
        state = db.Column(db.String, default=&quot;pending&quot;)


Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Ben Kilah	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Sqlalchemy	DazWorrall	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Flask-SQLAlchemy - Greater than or equal to

Sqlalchemy Problem Overview

Sqlalchemy Solutions

Solution 1 - Sqlalchemy

MVC razor form with multiple different submit buttons?

Git warning: push.default is unset; its implicit value is changing

Attributions