To get the homedir in python, you can use [`os.path.expanduser(&#39;~&#39;)`][1].

This also works if it&#39;s part of a longer path, such as `os.path.expanduser(&#39;~/some/directory/file.txt&#39;)`. If there is no ~ in the path, the function will return the path unchanged. 

So depending on what you want to do it&#39;s better than reading `os.environ[&#39;HOME&#39;]`

The username is available through [`getpass.getuser()`][2]


  [1]: http://docs.python.org/library/os.path.html#os.path.expanduser
  [2]: http://docs.python.org/library/getpass.html#getpass.getuser

The portable way of getting the home directory in Python is using `os.path.expanduser(&#39;~&#39;)`.

In his excellent and popular [comparision chart](http://erikej.blogspot.com/2011/01/comparison-of-sql-server-compact-4-and.html), ErikEJ draws a distinction between **SQL Server Express 2012**, and **SQL Server 2012 LocalDB**. However, I can&#39;t find such a distinction anywhere else in the MSDN documentation (&quot;LocalDB&quot; isn&#39;t even mentioned in [the official MS SS12 book](http://www.amazon.com/Introducing-Microsoft-SQL-Server-2012/dp/073566515X/ref=tmm_pap_title_0) or on the [MSDN SQL Edition comparison page](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc645993.aspx).) This leads me to suspect that Express and LocalDB aren&#39;t really two separate products as ErikEJ suggests, but rather just two different terms for the same thing (which would explain why, on [this MSDN page](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh510202.aspx), it is called &quot;SQL Server 2012 ***Express LocalDB***&quot;).

If there really is a difference between the products, can anyone point me to some official documentation comparing them? 

Is there a difference between SQL Server Express (2012) and LocalDB?

Say I have an anchor somewhere on a different page:

    &lt;A NAME=&quot;blah&quot;&gt;


On the page I&#39;m currently on, I want to go that that anchor on that different page while also passing a GET parameter, such as, for example:

    &lt;A HREF=&quot;otherpage.htm#blah?data=1234&quot;&gt;Good Stuff!&lt;/A&gt;

This doesn&#39;t seem to be working for me.  It loads the page and passes the variable but doesn&#39;t go to the anchor.  I&#39;ve searched for examples on the anchor tag, and there&#39;s tons of them, but nobody talks about jumping to an anchor in a page while also passing parameters in the URL.

How do I combine an anchor tag AND a passed variable in an HTML HREF?

&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  
&gt; [How to find the real user home directory using python?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2668909/how-to-find-the-real-user-home-directory-using-python)  
&gt; [How to get the home directory in Python?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4028904/how-to-get-the-home-directory-in-python)  

&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;

I want to access `/home/weasel` to read some files from there but I don&#39;t want to write the full path of course - so other users can use the script.. how do you know your username or your home dir with python on Linux?

Thanks

Find &quot;home directory&quot; in Python?

> Possible Duplicate: 
> <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2668909/how-to-find-the-real-user-home-directory-using-python" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">How to find the real user home directory using python?</a> 
> <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4028904/how-to-get-the-home-directory-in-python" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">How to get the home directory in Python?</a>

I want to access <code>/home/weasel</code> to read some files from there but I don't want to write the full path of course - so other users can use the script.. how do you know your username or your home dir with python on Linux?
Thanks

Let&#39;s say you have a module which contains

    myfile = open(&#39;test.txt&#39;, &#39;r&#39;)

And the &#39;test.txt&#39; file is in the same folder. If you&#39;ll run the module, the file will be opened successfully.

Now, let&#39;s say you import that module from another one which is in another folder. The file won&#39;t be searched in the same folder as the module where that code is.

**So how to make the module search files with relative paths in the same folder first?**

There are various solutions by using &quot;`__file__`&quot; or &quot;`os.getcwd()`&quot;, but I&#39;m hoping there&#39;s a cleaner way, like same special character in the string you pass to open() or file().

How to make an &quot;always relative to current module&quot; file path?

I have a decorator like below.

    def myDecorator(test_func):
        return callSomeWrapper(test_func)
    def callSomeWrapper(test_func):
        return test_func
    @myDecorator
    def someFunc():
        print &#39;hello&#39;

I want to enhance this decorator to accept another argument like below

    def myDecorator(test_func,logIt):
        if logIt:
            print &quot;Calling Function: &quot; + test_func.__name__
        return callSomeWrapper(test_func)
    @myDecorator(False)
    def someFunc():
        print &#39;Hello&#39;

But this code gives the error,

&gt; TypeError: myDecorator() takes exactly 2 arguments (1 given)

Why is the function not automatically passed? How do I explicitly pass the function to the decorator function?


How do I pass extra arguments to a Python decorator?

`and` and `or` return the last element they evaluated, but why doesn&#39;t Python&#39;s built-in function `any`?

I mean it&#39;s pretty easy to implement oneself like this, but I&#39;m still left wondering why.

    def any(l):
        for x in l:
            if x:
                return x
        return x

edit:

To add to the answers below, here&#39;s an actual quote from that same mailing list of ye mighty emperor on the issue:

&gt;Whether to always return True and False or the first faling / passing
element? I played with that too before blogging, and realized that the
end case (if the sequence is empty or if all elements fail the test)
can never be made to work satisfactory: picking None feels weird if
the argument is an iterable of bools, and picking False feels weird if
the argument is an iterable of non-bool objects.

&gt;Guido van Rossum (home page: http://www.python.org/~guido/)

Why does python `any` return a bool instead of the value?

Is there a way to assign each worker in a python multiprocessing pool a unique ID in a way that a job being run by a particular worker in the pool could know which worker is running it? According to the docs, a `Process` has a `name` but

&gt; The name is a string used for identification purposes only. It has no
&gt; semantics. Multiple processes may be given the same name.

For my particular use-case, I want to run a bunch of jobs on a group of four GPUs, and need to set the device number for the GPU that the job should run on. Because the jobs are of non-uniform length, I want to be sure that I don&#39;t have a collision on a GPU of a job trying to run on it before the previous one completes (so this precludes pre-assigning an ID to the unit of work ahead of time).  

Get a unique ID for worker in python multiprocessing pool

You can compile Python in various ways. I&#39;d like to find out with which options my Python was compiled.

Concrete use-case: was my Python compiled with readline?
I know I can see this by doing &quot;import readline&quot;, but I&#39;d like to see a list of compilation setting for my Python binary.

Edit:
I mean the Python executable and **not** source code written by myself.

How to get the list of options that Python was compiled with?

Do I have to restart cron after changing the crontable file?

Restarting cron after changing crontab file?

I am hosting special HTTP and HTTPS services on the ports 8006 and 8007 respectively. I use iptables to &quot;activate&quot; the server; i.e. to route the incoming HTTP and HTTPS ports:

    iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
    iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
    iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 8006 -j ACCEPT
    iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 8007 -j ACCEPT
    iptables -A PREROUTING -t nat -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to-port 8006 
    iptables -A PREROUTING -t nat -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 443 -j REDIRECT --to-port 8007  
    iptables -A OUTPUT -t nat -d 127.0.0.1 -p tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 8006
    iptables -A OUTPUT -t nat -d 127.0.0.1 -p tcp --dport 443 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 8007 

This works like a charm. However I would like to create another script that disables my server again; i.e. restore iptables to the state it was in before running the lines above. However I am having a hard time figuring out the syntax to remove these rules. The only thing that seems to work is a complete flush:

    iptables -F
    iptables -X
    iptables -t nat -F
    iptables -t nat -X
    iptables -t mangle -F
    iptables -t mangle -X
    iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT
    iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
    iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT

But that will also delete other iptables rules which is undesired.

How can I remove specific rules from iptables?

I&#39;ve seen [a lot of talk about running Mono/.NET code on the Raspberry Pi][1]. Has there been any success in actually running any Mono code on a Raspberry Pi?

On their site, they list several Linux distributions that work on the device and some of these distributions include Mono. However, none detail whether Mono works on it.

Is there a working implementation?

  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9547047/monodevelop-armv6-raspberry-pi


Mono on Raspberry Pi

I am working in a lab where we are running Linux (Debian and Ubuntu). Usernames and group names are handled by NIS and yp. We have some common users that everybody has access to that run the experiments and then we each have our own users in addition there is a common group that we are all a member of.

How can I make such that all files and directories on the shared `/home/` drive (NFS) is read/write(/executable) by user/group? Basically what I want is

    chmod -R 664 /home
    chgrp -R commongroup /home

or equivalently `umask 0002`.

But running the above commands only fixes the current files in the folders and umask only works for single users and has to be run every time a user logs in ie. in the `.bashrc` file (and will this work for changes mode via gnome?). Is there a system wide command or setting that I could use to make sure that our commongroup has write access to the common files?

How to set system wide umask?

&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  
&gt; [Bash script that kills a child process after a given timeout](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5161193/bash-script-that-kills-a-child-process-after-a-given-timeout)  

&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;

Is there a way to write a shell script that would execute a certain command for 15 seconds, then kill the command?

I have tried sleep, wait and ping but maybe I am using them wrong.

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	WeaselFox	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	ThiefMaster	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Python	Michael Wild	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Find "home directory" in Python?

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Solution 2 - Python

How do I combine an anchor tag AND a passed variable in an HTML HREF?

Is there a difference between SQL Server Express (2012) and LocalDB?

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