Fastest way to determine if record exists

As the title suggests... I'm trying to figure out the fastest way with the least overhead to determine if a record exists in a table or not.

Sample query:

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM products WHERE products.id = ?;

    vs

SELECT COUNT(products.id) FROM products WHERE products.id = ?;

    vs

SELECT products.id FROM products WHERE products.id = ?;

Say the ? is swapped with 'TB100'... both the first and second queries will return the exact same result (say... 1 for this conversation). The last query will return 'TB100' as expected, or nothing if the id is not present in the table.

The purpose is to figure out if the id is in the table or not. If not, the program will next insert the record, if it is, the program will skip it or perform an UPDATE query based on other program logic outside the scope of this question.

Which is faster and has less overhead? (This will be repeated tens of thousands of times per program run, and will be run many times a day).

(Running this query against M$ SQL Server from Java via the M$ provided JDBC driver)

EXISTS (or NOT EXISTS) is specially designed for checking if something exists and therefore should be (and is) the best option. It will halt on the first row that matches so it does not require a TOP clause and it does not actually select any data so there is no overhead in size of columns. You can safely use SELECT * here - no different than SELECT 1, SELECT NULL or SELECT AnyColumn... (you can even use an invalid expression like SELECT 1/0 and it will not break).

IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM Products WHERE id = ?)
BEGIN
--do what you need if exists
END
ELSE
BEGIN
--do what needs to be done if not
END

SELECT TOP 1 products.id FROM products WHERE products.id = ?; will outperform all of your suggestions as it will terminate execution after it finds the first record.

Nothing can beat -

SELECT TOP 1 1 FROM products WHERE id = 'some value';

You don't need to count to know if there is a data in table. And don't use alias when not necessary.

SELECT CASE WHEN EXISTS (SELECT TOP 1 *
                         FROM dbo.[YourTable] 
                         WHERE [YourColumn] = [YourValue]) 
            THEN CAST (1 AS BIT) 
            ELSE CAST (0 AS BIT) END

This approach returns a boolean for you.

You can also use

 If EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM dbo.T1 WHERE T1.Name='Scot')
	BEGIN
		 --<Do something>
	END 

ELSE	
	 BEGIN
	   --<Do something>
	 END

Don't think anyone has mentioned it yet, but if you are sure the data won't change underneath you, you may want to also apply the NoLock hint to ensure it is not blocked when reading.

SELECT CASE WHEN EXISTS (SELECT 1 
                     FROM dbo.[YourTable] WITH (NOLOCK)
                     WHERE [YourColumn] = [YourValue]) 
        THEN CAST (1 AS BIT) 
        ELSE CAST (0 AS BIT) END

Below is the simplest and fastest way to determine if a record exists in database or not Good thing is it works in all Relational DB's

SELECT distinct 1 products.id FROM products WHERE products.id = ?;

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM products WHERE products.id = ?;

This is the cross relational database solution that works in all databases.

For those stumbling upon this from MySQL or Oracle background - MySQL supports the LIMIT clause to select a limited number of records, while Oracle uses ROWNUM.

create or replace procedure ex(j in number) as
i number;
begin
select id into i from student where id=j;
if i is not null then
dbms_output.put_line('exists');
end if;
exception
   when no_data_found then
        dbms_output.put_line(i||' does not exists');

end;

I've used this in the past and it doesn't require a full table scan to see if something exists. It's super fast...

UPDATE TableName SET column=value WHERE column=value
IF @@ROWCOUNT=0
BEGIN
     --Do work
END				

For MySql you can use LIMIT like below (Example shows in PHP)

  $sql = "SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name = 'your_value' LIMIT 1";
  $result = $conn->query($sql);
  if ($result -> num_rows > 0) {
      echo "Value exists" ;
  } else {
      echo "Value not found";
  }

SQL SERVER 2012+

SELECT IIF((SELECT TOP 1 1 FROM dbo.[YourTable] WHERE [YourColumn] = [YourValue]) IS NULL, 0, 1)

Why not simply use

SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM products WHERE products.id = ?)