Fast ceiling of an integer division in C / C++

Given integer values x and y, C and C++ both return as the quotient q = x/y the floor of the floating point equivalent. I'm interested in a method of returning the ceiling instead. For example, ceil(10/5)=2 and ceil(11/5)=3.

The obvious approach involves something like:

q = x / y;
if (q * y < x) ++q;

This requires an extra comparison and multiplication; and other methods I've seen (used in fact) involve casting as a float or double. Is there a more direct method that avoids the additional multiplication (or a second division) and branch, and that also avoids casting as a floating point number?

For positive numbers

unsigned int x, y, q;

To round up ...

q = (x + y - 1) / y;

or (avoiding overflow in x+y)

q = 1 + ((x - 1) / y); // if x != 0

For positive numbers:

    q = x/y + (x % y != 0);

Sparky's answer is one standard way to solve this problem, but as I also wrote in my comment, you run the risk of overflows. This can be solved by using a wider type, but what if you want to divide long longs?

Nathan Ernst's answer provides one solution, but it involves a function call, a variable declaration and a conditional, which makes it no shorter than the OPs code and probably even slower, because it is harder to optimize.

My solution is this:

q = (x % y) ? x / y + 1 : x / y;

It will be slightly faster than the OPs code, because the modulo and the division is performed using the same instruction on the processor, because the compiler can see that they are equivalent. At least gcc 4.4.1 performs this optimization with -O2 flag on x86.

In theory the compiler might inline the function call in Nathan Ernst's code and emit the same thing, but gcc didn't do that when I tested it. This might be because it would tie the compiled code to a single version of the standard library.

As a final note, none of this matters on a modern machine, except if you are in an extremely tight loop and all your data is in registers or the L1-cache. Otherwise all of these solutions will be equally fast, except for possibly Nathan Ernst's, which might be significantly slower if the function has to be fetched from main memory.

You could use the div function in cstdlib to get the quotient & remainder in a single call and then handle the ceiling separately, like in the below

#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>

int div_ceil(int numerator, int denominator)
{
        std::div_t res = std::div(numerator, denominator);
        return res.rem ? (res.quot + 1) : res.quot;
}

int main(int, const char**)
{
        std::cout << "10 / 5 = " << div_ceil(10, 5) << std::endl;
        std::cout << "11 / 5 = " << div_ceil(11, 5) << std::endl;

        return 0;
}

There's a solution for both positive and negative x but only for positive y with just 1 division and without branches:

int div_ceil(int x, int y) {
    return x / y + (x % y > 0);
}

Note, if x is positive then division is towards zero, and we should add 1 if reminder is not zero.

If x is negative then division is towards zero, that's what we need, and we will not add anything because x % y is not positive

How about this? (requires y non-negative, so don't use this in the rare case where y is a variable with no non-negativity guarantee)

q = (x > 0)? 1 + (x - 1)/y: (x / y);

I reduced y/y to one, eliminating the term x + y - 1 and with it any chance of overflow.

I avoid x - 1 wrapping around when x is an unsigned type and contains zero.

For signed x, negative and zero still combine into a single case.

Probably not a huge benefit on a modern general-purpose CPU, but this would be far faster in an embedded system than any of the other correct answers.

I would have rather commented but I don't have a high enough rep.

As far as I am aware, for positive arguments and a divisor which is a power of 2, this is the fastest way (tested in CUDA):

//example y=8
q = (x >> 3) + !!(x & 7);

For generic positive arguments only, I tend to do it like so:

q = x/y + !!(x % y);

This works for positive or negative numbers:

q = x / y + ((x % y != 0) ? !((x > 0) ^ (y > 0)) : 0);

If there is a remainder, checks to see if x and y are of the same sign and adds 1 accordingly.

simplified generic form,

int div_up(int n, int d) {
    return n / d + (((n < 0) ^ (d > 0)) && (n % d));
} //i.e. +1 iff (not exact int && positive result)

For a more generic answer, https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8136974/c-functions-for-integer-division-with-well-defined-rounding-strategy/33790603#33790603

For signed or unsigned integers.

q = x / y + !(((x < 0) != (y < 0)) || !(x % y));

For signed dividends and unsigned divisors.

q = x / y + !((x < 0) || !(x % y));

For unsigned dividends and signed divisors.

q = x / y + !((y < 0) || !(x % y));

For unsigned integers.

q = x / y + !!(x % y);

Zero divisor fails (as with a native operation). Cannot cause overflow.

Corresponding floored and modulo constexpr implementations here, along with templates to select the necessary overloads (as full optimization and to prevent mismatched sign comparison warnings):

https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin-system/wiki/Integer-Division-Unraveled

Compile with O3, The compiler performs optimization well.

q = x / y;
if (x % y)  ++q;