    require &#39;fileutils&#39;
    FileUtils.mkdir_p &#39;cool/beans&#39;

I am running Windows Vista and am attempting to connect via https to upload a file in a multi part form but I am having some trouble with the local issuer certificate. I am just trying to figure out why this isnt working now, and go back to my cURL code later after this is worked out. Im running the command:

    openssl s_client -connect connect_to_site.com:443

It gives me an digital certificate from VeriSign, Inc., but also shoots out an error:

    Verify return code: 20 (unable to get local issuer certificate)

What is the local issuer certificate? Is that a certificate from my own computer? Is there a way around this? I have tried using -CAfile mozilla.pem file but still gives me same error.

OpenSSL Verify return code: 20 (unable to get local issuer certificate)

So I&#39;ve been hearing/reading alot about meteor.js.  The tutorials make it seem very sporty as a framework, but I&#39;m still a bit of a novice when it comes to web programming.

I&#39;ve been trying over the last month and half to really learn node.js and figure out how it all comes together.  I like the how fast and easy it is to get up and running, and the community that comes along with it (which is exemplified by the mind blowing number of frameworks you can get for Node).

But what about meteor?  What are the real advantages of it, and what&#39;s the difference?  Has anyone started as a node.js user and &#39;converted&#39; or is it still more of a curious new framework?

node.js vs. meteor.js what&#39;s the difference?

&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  
&gt; [How to create directories recursively in ruby?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3686032/how-to-create-directories-recursively-in-ruby)  

&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;

In Ruby, how could I do:

    mkdir -p cool/beans

1. Here&#39;s what I came up with:

        Dir.mkdir(&#39;cool&#39;) unless File.directory?(&#39;cool&#39;)
        cool_beans_path = File.join(&#39;cool&#39;, &#39;beans&#39;)
        Dir.mkdir(cool_beans_path) unless File.directory?(cool_beans_path)

   But, isn&#39;t there a better way?

2. I know I could do:

        system(&#39;mkdir&#39;, &#39;-p&#39;, File.join(&#39;cool&#39;, &#39;beans&#39;))

   But, that&#39;s not platform independent, is it? Like, it works on Mac but not on Windows, right?

Does Ruby have mkdir -p?

> Possible Duplicate: 
> <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3686032/how-to-create-directories-recursively-in-ruby" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">How to create directories recursively in ruby?</a>

In Ruby, how could I do:
<pre><code class="hljs language-bash">mkdir -p cool/beans
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li>
Here's what I came up with:
<pre><code class="hljs language-arduino"> Dir.mkdir('cool') unless File.directory?('cool')
 cool_beans_path = File.join('cool', 'beans')
 Dir.mkdir(cool_beans_path) unless File.directory?(cool_beans_path)
</code></pre>
But, isn't there a better way?
</li>
<li>
I know I could do:
<pre><code class="hljs language-arduino"> system('mkdir', '-p', File.join('cool', 'beans'))
</code></pre>
But, that's not platform independent, is it? Like, it works on Mac but not on Windows, right?
</li>
</ol>

Is there any neat method to convert &quot;1,112&quot; to integer 1112, instead of 1?

I&#39;ve got one, but not neat: 

    &quot;1,112&quot;.split(&#39;,&#39;).join.to_i #=&gt; 1112



Convert string with comma to integer

Undefining a method in Ruby is pretty simple, I can just use `undef METHOD_NAME`.

Is there anything similar for a class? I am on `MRI 1.9.2`. 

I have to undefine an ActiveRecord Model, run two lines of code, and restore the model back to its original form.

The problem is, I have an model `Contact` and I am using a company&#39;s API and it happens that they have some class called `Contact`, and changing my model name would be lot of work for me. 

What can I do in this situation?

How to undefine class in Ruby?

I am trying to reference an association extension but it errors with:

    NameError (uninitialized constant User::ListerExtension):
      app/models/user.rb:2:in `&lt;class:User&gt;&#39;

Here is my implementation:

### app/models/user.rb

    class User &lt; ActiveRecord::Base
      include ListerExtension
      
      has_and_belongs_to_many :roles, :uniq =&gt; true, :extend =&gt; Lister

### lib/lister.rb

    module ListerExtension
      def lister
        self.map(&amp;:to_s).join(&#39;, &#39;)
      end
    end

I am using Rails v3.1.3.

&quot;Uninitialized constant&quot; error when including a module

Often I get hard to debug infinite recursions when coding ruby. Is there a way to get a backtrace out of a `SystemStackError` to find out, where exactly the infinite loop occurs?

## Example

Given some methods `foo`, `bar` and `baz` which call each other in a loop:

    def foo
      bar
    end
    
    def bar
      baz
    end
    
    def baz
      foo
    end

    foo

When I run this code, I just get the message `test.rb:6: stack level too deep (SystemStackError)`. It would be useful to get at least the last 100 lines of the stack, so I could immediately see this is a loop between `foo`, `bar` and `baz`, like this:

    test.rb:6: stack level too deep (SystemStackError)
      test.rb:2:in `foo&#39;
      test.rb:10:in `baz&#39;
      test.rb:6:in `bar&#39;
      test.rb:2:in `foo&#39;
      test.rb:10:in `baz&#39;
      test.rb:6:in `bar&#39;
      test.rb:2:in `foo&#39;
      [...]

Is there any way to accomplish this?

**EDIT:**

As you may see from the answer below, Rubinius can do it. Unfortunately some [rubinius bugs](http://github.com/rubinius/rubinius/issues/1692) prevent me from using it with the software I&#39;d like to debug. So to be precise the question is:

**How do I get a backtrace with MRI (the default ruby) 1.9?**


How to get a backtrace from a SystemStackError: stack level too deep?

In ruby, I understand that module functions can be made available without mixing in the module by using `module_function` as shown here. I can see how this is useful so you can use the function without mixing in the module.

    module MyModule
      def do_something
        puts &quot;hello world&quot;
      end
      module_function :do_something
    end


My question is though why you might want to have the function defined both of these ways.

Why not just have

    def MyModule.do_something

OR

    def do_something
    
In what kind of cases would it be useful to have the function available to be mixed in, or to be used as a static method?

ruby module_function vs including module

I am using the following query to create a CSV file 

    SELECT email INTO OUTFILE &quot;mydata.csv&quot;
    FIELDS TERMINATED BY &#39;,&#39; OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY &#39;&quot;&#39;
    LINES TERMINATED BY &quot;\n&quot;
    FROM users;

But i am unable to find the mydata.csv file anywhere when i am searching through filezilla.

Any idea where this file is getting stored?

The query runs successfully without any errors! Any Help?



Can&#39;t find the file created by outfile in MySQL

How can I see the size of files and directories in Linux? If use `df -m`, then it shows the size of all the directory at the top level, but, for the directories and files inside the directory, how do I check the size?


linux command to get size of files and directories present in a particular folder?

I have a file in Linux, I would like to diplay lines which contain a specific string in that file, how to do this?

How to find lines containing a string in linux

I am looking to create a program that finds all files of a certain type on my desktop and places them into specific folders, for example, I would have all files with .txt into the Text folder.

Any ideas what the best way would be to accomplish this? Thanks.

I have tried this:

    string startPath = @&quot;%userprofile%/Desktop&quot;;
    string[] oDirectories = Directory.GetDirectories(startPath, &quot;&quot;);
    Console.WriteLine(oDirectories.Length.ToString());

    foreach (string oCurrent in oDirectories)
        Console.WriteLine(oCurrent);

    Console.ReadLine();

It was not successful in finding all of the files.

Find all files in a folder

I have a file which stores many JavaScript objects in JSON form and I need to read the file, create each of the objects, and do something with them (insert them into a db in my case). The JavaScript objects can be represented a format:

**Format A:**

    [{name: &#39;thing1&#39;},
    ....
    {name: &#39;thing999999999&#39;}]

or **Format B:**
 
    {name: &#39;thing1&#39;}         // &lt;== My choice.
    ...
    {name: &#39;thing999999999&#39;}

Note that the `...` indicates a lot of JSON objects. I am aware I could read the entire file into memory and then use `JSON.parse()` like this:

    fs.readFile(filePath, &#39;utf-8&#39;, function (err, fileContents) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log(JSON.parse(fileContents));
    });

However, the file could be really large, I would prefer to use a stream to accomplish this. The problem I see with a stream is that the file contents could be broken into data chunks at any point, so how can I use `JSON.parse()` on such objects? 

Ideally, each object would be read as a separate data chunk, but I am not sure on *how to do that*.

    var importStream = fs.createReadStream(filePath, {flags: &#39;r&#39;, encoding: &#39;utf-8&#39;});
    importStream.on(&#39;data&#39;, function(chunk) {

        var pleaseBeAJSObject = JSON.parse(chunk);           
        // insert pleaseBeAJSObject in a database
    });
    importStream.on(&#39;end&#39;, function(item) {
       console.log(&quot;Woot, imported objects into the database!&quot;);
    });*/

Note, I wish to prevent reading the entire file into memory. Time efficiency does not matter to me. Yes, I could try to read a number of objects at once and insert them all at once, but that&#39;s a performance tweak - I need a way that is guaranteed not to cause a memory overload, not matter how many objects are contained in the file. 

I can choose to use `FormatA` or `FormatB` or maybe something else, just please specify in your answer. Thanks!

Parse large JSON file in Nodejs

I have defined the same path in the $PATH variable 6 times. 

I wasn&#39;t logging out to check whether it worked.

How can I remove the duplicates?

The $PATH variable looks like this:

    echo $PATH

    /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/home/flacs/Programmes/USFOS/bin:/home/flacs/Programmes/USFOS/bin:/home/flacs/Programmes/USFOS/bin:/home/flacs/Programmes/USFOS/bin:/home/flacs/Programmes/USFOS/bin:/home/flacs/Programmes/USFOS/bin



How would I reset it to just

    /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games


Remove redundant paths from $PATH variable

I&#39;d like to add to PATH the value &quot;:/home/me/play/&quot;  
for the installation of Play! framework.  
so I ran this command:  

    PATH=$PATH:/home/me/play

it worked. but in the next time I checked, the value changed back to the old one.  

so I guess I didn&#39;t &quot;saved&quot; the new value, right?  

how do you do that?  

change PATH permanently on Ubuntu

Is it possible to run a python script (not module) from inside ipython without indicating its path? I tried to set PYTHONPATH but it seems to work only for modules. 
I would like to execute

    %run my_script.py
without being in the directory containing the file.

Running python script inside ipython

I&#39;m trying to write a little build script, and want to determine if the includes are system includes or not. So I want __g++__ to tell me the include path&#39;s it&#39;s using. 

`cpp -v` seems the obvious best shot, but it doesn&#39;t give me the C++ paths.

So I tried:
 
    g++ -Xpreprocessor -v  

Which doesn&#39;t work quite right - __g++__ captures the `-v` for it&#39;s own verbose output.



Dump include paths from g++

For Linux this would give me `/`, for Windows on the C drive that would give me `C:\\`. Note that python is not necessarily installed on the C drive on windows.

A system independent way using python to get the root directory/drive on which python is installed

The following code allows me to create a directory if it does not already exist.

    dir = &#39;path_to_my_folder&#39;
    if not os.path.exists(dir):
        os.makedirs(dir)

The folder will be used by a program to write text files into that folder. But I want to start with a brand new, empty folder next time my program opens up. 

Is there a way to overwrite the folder (and create a new one, with the same name) if it already exists?

How to overwrite a folder if it already exists when creating it with makedirs?

I am using the following command to find a directory name.

     find / -type d -name &quot;ora10&quot;

My problem is, I am not sure what the exact directory name is, so I would like to find directories similar to `&quot;ora10g&quot;`, `&quot;ora10client&quot;`, etc.

How can I do this with find?

Find directory name with wildcard or similar to &quot;like&quot;

I have installed elasticsearch with `brew install elasticsearch`. My plugins seem to reside in `/usr/local/Cellar/elasticsearch/0.19.8/plugins`. With `cat $( which plugin )` I see a `ES_HOME` variable that contains the correct path.

**Is there a way to ask elastic for `ES_HOME` or the plugins directory?**

----

### EDIT

What I am looking for is the directory used by the **plugin** executable to install the plugins when I do `plugin -install something`. I want to use that path in a script to fire up elastic search.

How do I find where ElasticSearch is installing my plugins?

I want to list every file and directory contained in a directory and subdirectories of that directory. If I chose C:\ as the directory, the program would get every name of every file and folder on the hard drive that it had access to.

A list might look like

&lt;pre&gt;
fd\1.txt
fd\2.txt
fd\a\
fd\b\
fd\a\1.txt
fd\a\2.txt
fd\a\a\
fd\a\b\
fd\b\1.txt
fd\b\2.txt
fd\b\a
fd\b\b
fd\a\a\1.txt
fd\a\a\a\
fd\a\b\1.txt
fd\a\b\a
fd\b\a\1.txt
fd\b\a\a\
fd\b\b\1.txt
fd\b\b\a
&lt;/pre&gt;

List all files and directories in a directory + subdirectories

Im likely doing something very simply wrong, but when I try to make a directory (using a variable of an insert just performed as the last folder name), I get the error:

&gt; Warning: mkdir() [function.mkdir]: No such file or directory in /home/blah/blah

with the code:

    if (!is_dir(&quot;images/listing-images/rent/&#39;.$insertID.&quot;)) {
            //make new directory with unique id
	   mkdir(&quot;images/listing-images/rent/&#39;.$insertID.&quot;); 
	}

of course the directory doesn&#39;t exist.. I&#39;m trying to make it now? confused!

mkdir() says theres no such directory and fails?

I am calling `os.mkdir` to create a folder with a certain set of generated data. However, even though the path I specified has not been created, the `os.mkdir(path)` raises an OSError that the path already exists.

For example, I call:

    os.mkdir(test)

This call results in `OSError: [Errno 17] File exists: &#39;test&#39;` even though I don&#39;t have a test directory or a file named test anywhere.

NOTE: the actual path name I use is not &quot;test&quot; but something more obscure that I&#39;m sure is not named anywhere.

Help, please?

os.mkdir(path) returns OSError when directory does not exist

I am trying to create a set of nested directories from a Go executable such as &#39;dir1/dir2/dir3&#39;. I have succeeded in creating a single directory with this line:

    os.Mkdir(&quot;.&quot; + string(filepath.Separator) + c.Args().First(),0777);

However, I have no idea how to approach creating a predetermined nested set of directories inside of that directory.

How to create nested directories using Mkdir in Golang?

I am learning golang(beginner) and I have been searching on both google and stackoverflow but I could not find an answer so excuse me if already asked, but how can I mkdir if not exists in golang.

For example in node I would use fs-extra with the function [ensureDirSync] [1] (if blocking is of no concern of course)

    fs.ensureDir(&quot;./public&quot;);

  [1]: https://github.com/jprichardson/node-fs-extra#ensuredirdir-callback


Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	ma11hew28	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Ruby	Max	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Does Ruby have mkdir -p?

Ruby Problem Overview

Ruby Solutions

Solution 1 - Ruby

node.js vs. meteor.js what's the difference?

OpenSSL Verify return code: 20 (unable to get local issuer certificate)

Attributions