Does a finally block always get executed in Java?
JavaError HandlingReturnTry Catch-FinallyJava Problem Overview
Considering this code, can I be absolutely sure that the finally
block always executes, no matter what something()
is?
try {
something();
return success;
}
catch (Exception e) {
return failure;
}
finally {
System.out.println("I don't know if this will get printed out");
}
Java Solutions
Solution 1 - Java
Yes, finally
will be called after the execution of the try
or catch
code blocks.
The only times finally
won't be called are:
- If you invoke
System.exit()
- If you invoke
Runtime.getRuntime().halt(exitStatus)
- If the JVM crashes first
- If the JVM reaches an infinite loop (or some other non-interruptable, non-terminating statement) in the
try
orcatch
block - If the OS forcibly terminates the JVM process; e.g.,
kill -9 <pid>
on UNIX - If the host system dies; e.g., power failure, hardware error, OS panic, et cetera
- If the
finally
block is going to be executed by a daemon thread and all other non-daemon threads exit beforefinally
is called
Solution 2 - Java
Example code:
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(Test.test());
}
public static int test() {
try {
return 0;
}
finally {
System.out.println("something is printed");
}
}
Output:
something is printed.
0
Solution 3 - Java
Also, although it's bad practice, if there is a return statement within the finally block, it will trump any other return from the regular block. That is, the following block would return false:
try { return true; } finally { return false; }
Same thing with throwing exceptions from the finally block.
Solution 4 - Java
Here's the official words from the Java Language Specification.
14.20.2. Execution of try-finally and try-catch-finally
>A try
statement with a finally
block is executed by first executing the try
block. Then there is a choice:
> * If execution of the try
block completes normally, [...]
> * If execution of the try
block completes abruptly because of a throw
of a value V, [...]
> * If execution of the try
block completes abruptly for any other reason R, then the finally
block is executed. Then there is a choice:
> * If the finally block completes normally, then the try
statement completes abruptly for reason R.
> * If the finally
block completes abruptly for reason S, then the try
statement completes abruptly for reason S (and reason R is discarded).
The specification for return
actually makes this explicit:
JLS 14.17 The return Statement
> ReturnStatement: return Expression(opt) ;
> A return
statement with no Expression
attempts to transfer control to the invoker of the method or constructor that contains it.
>
> A return
statement with an Expression
attempts to transfer control to the invoker of the method that contains it; the value of the Expression
becomes the value of the method invocation.
>
> The preceding descriptions say "attempts to transfer control" rather than just "transfers control" because if there are any try
statements within the method or constructor whose try
blocks contain the return
statement, then any finally
clauses of those try
statements will be executed, in order, innermost to outermost, before control is transferred to the invoker of the method or constructor. Abrupt completion of a finally
clause can disrupt the transfer of control initiated by a return
statement.
Solution 5 - Java
In addition to the other responses, it is important to point out that 'finally' has the right to override any exception/returned value by the try..catch block. For example, the following code returns 12:
public static int getMonthsInYear() {
try {
return 10;
}
finally {
return 12;
}
}
Similarly, the following method does not throw an exception:
public static int getMonthsInYear() {
try {
throw new RuntimeException();
}
finally {
return 12;
}
}
While the following method does throw it:
public static int getMonthsInYear() {
try {
return 12;
}
finally {
throw new RuntimeException();
}
}
Solution 6 - Java
I tried the above example with slight modification-
public static void main(final String[] args) {
System.out.println(test());
}
public static int test() {
int i = 0;
try {
i = 2;
return i;
} finally {
i = 12;
System.out.println("finally trumps return.");
}
}
The above code outputs:
>finally trumps return.
>2
This is because when return i;
is executed i
has a value 2. After this the finally
block is executed where 12 is assigned to i
and then System.out
out is executed.
After executing the finally
block the try
block returns 2, rather than returning 12, because this return statement is not executed again.
If you will debug this code in Eclipse then you'll get a feeling that after executing System.out
of finally
block the return
statement of try
block is executed again. But this is not the case. It simply returns the value 2.
Solution 7 - Java
Here's an elaboration of Kevin's answer. It's important to know that the expression to be returned is evaluated before finally
, even if it is returned after.
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(Test.test());
}
public static int printX() {
System.out.println("X");
return 0;
}
public static int test() {
try {
return printX();
}
finally {
System.out.println("finally trumps return... sort of");
}
}
Output:
X
finally trumps return... sort of
0
Solution 8 - Java
That is the whole idea of a finally block. It lets you make sure you do cleanups that might otherwise be skipped because you return, among other things, of course.
Finally gets called regardless of what happens in the try block (unless you call System.exit(int)
or the Java Virtual Machine kicks out for some other reason).
Solution 9 - Java
A logical way to think about this is:
- Code placed in a finally block must be executed whatever occurs within the try block
- So if code in the try block tries to return a value or throw an exception the item is placed 'on the shelf' till the finally block can execute
- Because code in the finally block has (by definition) a high priority it can return or throw whatever it likes. In which case anything left 'on the shelf' is discarded.
- The only exception to this is if the VM shuts down completely during the try block e.g. by 'System.exit'
Solution 10 - Java
finally is always executed unless there is abnormal program termination (like calling System.exit(0)..). so, your sysout will get printed
Solution 11 - Java
No, not always one exception case is// System.exit(0); before the finally block prevents finally to be executed.
class A {
public static void main(String args[]){
DataInputStream cin = new DataInputStream(System.in);
try{
int i=Integer.parseInt(cin.readLine());
}catch(ArithmeticException e){
}catch(Exception e){
System.exit(0);//Program terminates before executing finally block
}finally{
System.out.println("Won't be executed");
System.out.println("No error");
}
}
}
Solution 12 - Java
The finally block is always executed unless there is abnormal program termination, either resulting from a JVM crash or from a call to System.exit(0)
.
On top of that, any value returned from within the finally block will override the value returned prior to execution of the finally block, so be careful of checking all exit points when using try finally.
Solution 13 - Java
Also a return in finally will throw away any exception. http://jamesjava.blogspot.com/2006/03/dont-return-in-finally-clause.html
Solution 14 - Java
Finally is always run that's the whole point, just because it appears in the code after the return doesn't mean that that's how it's implemented. The Java runtime has the responsibility to run this code when exiting the try
block.
For example if you have the following:
int foo() {
try {
return 42;
}
finally {
System.out.println("done");
}
}
The runtime will generate something like this:
int foo() {
int ret = 42;
System.out.println("done");
return 42;
}
If an uncaught exception is thrown the finally
block will run and the exception will continue propagating.
Solution 15 - Java
Yes it will get called. That's the whole point of having a finally keyword. If jumping out of the try/catch block could just skip the finally block it was the same as putting the System.out.println outside the try/catch.
Solution 16 - Java
Because a finally block will always be called unless you call System.exit()
(or the thread crashes).
Solution 17 - Java
This is because you assigned the value of i as 12, but did not return the value of i to the function. The correct code is as follows:
public static int test() {
int i = 0;
try {
return i;
} finally {
i = 12;
System.out.println("finally trumps return.");
return i;
}
}
Solution 18 - Java
Concisely, in the official Java Documentation (Click here), it is written that -
> If the JVM exits while the try or catch code is being executed, then > the finally block may not execute. Likewise, if the thread executing > the try or catch code is interrupted or killed, the finally block may > not execute even though the application as a whole continues.
Solution 19 - Java
NOT ALWAYS
The Java Language specification describes how try
-catch
-finally
and try
-catch
blocks work at 14.20.2
In no place it specifies that the finally
block is always executed.
But for all cases in which the try
-catch
-finally
and try
-finally
blocks complete it does specify that before completion finally
must be executed.
try {
CODE inside the try block
}
finally {
FIN code inside finally block
}
NEXT code executed after the try-finally block (may be in a different method).
The JLS does not guarantee that FIN is executed after CODE. The JLS guarantees that if CODE and NEXT are executed then FIN will always be executed after CODE and before NEXT.
Why doesn't the JLS guarantee that the finally
block is always executed after the try
block? Because it is impossible. It is unlikely but possible that the JVM will be aborted (kill, crash, power off) just after completing the try
block but before execution of the finally
block. There is nothing the JLS can do to avoid this.
Thus, any software which for their proper behaviour depends on finally
blocks always being executed after their try
blocks complete are bugged.
return
instructions in the try
block are irrelevant to this issue. If execution reaches code after the try
-catch
-finally
it is guaranteed that the finally
block will have been executed before, with or without return
instructions inside the try
block.
Solution 20 - Java
> Answer is simple YES.
INPUT:
try{
int divideByZeroException = 5 / 0;
} catch (Exception e){
System.out.println("catch");
return; // also tried with break; in switch-case, got same output
} finally {
System.out.println("finally");
}
OUTPUT:
catch
finally
Solution 21 - Java
finally
block is always executed and before returning x
's (calculated) value.
System.out.println("x value from foo() = " + foo());
...
int foo() {
int x = 2;
try {
return x++;
} finally {
System.out.println("x value in finally = " + x);
}
}
Output:
> x value in finally = 3
> x value from foo() = 2
Solution 22 - Java
Yes, it will. No matter what happens in your try or catch block unless otherwise System.exit() called or JVM crashed. if there is any return statement in the block(s),finally will be executed prior to that return statement.
Solution 23 - Java
Yes It will. Only case it will not is JVM exits or crashes
Solution 24 - Java
Yes, finally block is always execute. Most of developer use this block the closing the database connection, resultset object, statement object and also uses into the java hibernate to rollback the transaction.
Solution 25 - Java
finally
will execute and that is for sure.
finally
will not execute in below cases:
case 1 :
When you are executing System.exit()
.
case 2 :
When your JVM / Thread crashes.
case 3 :
When your execution is stopped in between manually.
Solution 26 - Java
I tried this, It is single threaded.
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
Object obj = new Object();
try {
synchronized (obj) {
obj.wait();
System.out.println("after wait()");
}
} catch (Exception ignored) {
} finally {
System.out.println("finally");
}
}
The main
Thread
will be on wait
state forever, hence finally
will never be called,
so console output will not print
String
: after wait()
or finally
Agreed with @Stephen C, the above example is one of the 3rd case mention here:
Adding some more such infinite loop possibilities in following code:
// import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// Thread.sleep(Long.MAX_VALUE);
// Thread.currentThread().join();
// new Semaphore(0).acquire();
// while (true){}
System.out.println("after sleep join semaphore exit infinite while loop");
} catch (Exception ignored) {
} finally {
System.out.println("finally");
}
}
Case 2: If the JVM crashes first
import sun.misc.Unsafe;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
unsafeMethod();
//Runtime.getRuntime().halt(123);
System.out.println("After Jvm Crash!");
} catch (Exception e) {
} finally {
System.out.println("finally");
}
}
private static void unsafeMethod() throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException {
Field f = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
f.setAccessible(true);
Unsafe unsafe = (Unsafe) f.get(null);
unsafe.putAddress(0, 0);
}
Ref: https://stackoverflow.com/q/65200/2987755
Case 6: If finally
block is going to be executed by daemon Thread
and all other non-daemon Threads
exit before finally
is called.
public static void main(String args[]) {
Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
printThreads("Daemon Thread printing");
// just to ensure this thread will live longer than main thread
Thread.sleep(10000);
} catch (Exception e) {
} finally {
System.out.println("finally");
}
}
};
Thread daemonThread = new Thread(runnable);
daemonThread.setDaemon(Boolean.TRUE);
daemonThread.setName("My Daemon Thread");
daemonThread.start();
printThreads("main Thread Printing");
}
private static synchronized void printThreads(String str) {
System.out.println(str);
int threadCount = 0;
Set<Thread> threadSet = Thread.getAllStackTraces().keySet();
for (Thread t : threadSet) {
if (t.getThreadGroup() == Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup()) {
System.out.println("Thread :" + t + ":" + "state:" + t.getState());
++threadCount;
}
}
System.out.println("Thread count started by Main thread:" + threadCount);
System.out.println("-------------------------------------------------");
}
output: This does not print "finally" which implies "Finally block" in "daemon thread" did not execute
> main Thread Printing
> Thread :Thread[My Daemon Thread,5,main]:state:BLOCKED
> Thread :Thread[main,5,main]:state:RUNNABLE
> Thread :Thread[Monitor Ctrl-Break,5,main]:state:RUNNABLE
> Thread count started by Main thread:3
> -------------------------------------------------
> Daemon Thread printing
> Thread :Thread[My Daemon Thread,5,main]:state:RUNNABLE
> Thread :Thread[Monitor Ctrl-Break,5,main]:state:RUNNABLE
> Thread count started by Main thread:2
> -------------------------------------------------
>
> Process finished with exit code 0
Solution 27 - Java
Adding to @vibhash's answer as no other answer explains what happens in the case of a mutable object like the one below.
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(test().toString());
}
public static StringBuffer test() {
StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
try {
s.append("sb");
return s;
} finally {
s.append("updated ");
}
}
Will output > sbupdated
Solution 28 - Java
Consider the following program:
public class SomeTest {
private static StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println(someString());
System.out.println("---AGAIN---");
System.out.println(someString());
System.out.println("---PRINT THE RESULT---");
System.out.println(sb.toString());
}
private static String someString() {
try {
sb.append("-abc-");
return sb.toString();
} finally {
sb.append("xyz");
}
}
}
As of Java 1.8.162, the above code block gives the following output:
-abc-
---AGAIN---
-abc-xyz-abc-
---PRINT THE RESULT---
-abc-xyz-abc-xyz
this means that using finally
to free up objects is a good practice like the following code:
private static String someString() {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
try {
sb.append("abc");
return sb.toString();
} finally {
sb = null; // Just an example, but you can close streams or DB connections this way.
}
}
Solution 29 - Java
That's actually true in any language...finally will always execute before a return statement, no matter where that return is in the method body. If that wasn't the case, the finally block wouldn't have much meaning.
Solution 30 - Java
In addition to the point about return in finally replacing a return in the try block, the same is true of an exception. A finally block that throws an exception will replace a return or exception thrown from within the try block.
Solution 31 - Java
I was very confused with all the answers provided on different forums and decided to finally code and see. The ouput is :
finally will be executed even if there is return in try and catch block.
try {
System.out.println("try");
return;
//int i =5/0;
//System.exit(0 ) ;
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("catch");
return;
//int i =5/0;
//System.exit(0 ) ;
} finally {
System.out.println("Print me FINALLY");
}
Output > try > > Print me FINALLY
- If return is replaced by
System.exit(0)
in try and catch block in above code and an exception occurs before it,for any reason.
Solution 32 - Java
-
Finally Block always get executed. Unless and until System.exit() statement exists there (first statement in finally block).
-
If system.exit() is first statement then finally block won't get executed and control come out of the finally block. Whenever System.exit() statement gets in finally block till that statement finally block executed and when System.exit() appears then control force fully come out of the finally block.
Solution 33 - Java
If you don't handle exception, before terminating the program, JVM executes finally block. It will not executed only if normal execution of program will fail mean's termination of program due to these following reasons..
-
By causing a fatal error that causes the process to abort.
-
Termination of program due to memory corrupt.
-
By calling System.exit()
-
If program goes into infinity loop.
Solution 34 - Java
Yes, because no control statement can prevent finally
from being executed.
Here is a reference example, where all code blocks will be executed:
| x | Current result | Code
|---|----------------|------ - - -
| | |
| | | public static int finallyTest() {
| 3 | | int x = 3;
| | | try {
| | | try {
| 4 | | x++;
| 4 | return 4 | return x;
| | | } finally {
| 3 | | x--;
| 3 | throw | throw new RuntimeException("Ahh!");
| | | }
| | | } catch (RuntimeException e) {
| 4 | return 4 | return ++x;
| | | } finally {
| 3 | | x--;
| | | }
| | | }
| | |
|---|----------------|------ - - -
| | Result: 4 |
In the variant below, return x;
will be skipped. Result is still 4
:
public static int finallyTest() {
int x = 3;
try {
try {
x++;
if (true) throw new RuntimeException("Ahh!");
return x; // skipped
} finally {
x--;
}
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
return ++x;
} finally {
x--;
}
}
References, of course, track their status. This example returns a reference with value = 4
:
static class IntRef { public int value; }
public static IntRef finallyTest() {
IntRef x = new IntRef();
x.value = 3;
try {
return x;
} finally {
x.value++; // will be tracked even after return
}
}
Solution 35 - Java
try
- catch
- finally
are the key words for using exception handling case.
As normal explanotory
try {
//code statements
//exception thrown here
//lines not reached if exception thrown
} catch (Exception e) {
//lines reached only when exception is thrown
} finally {
// always executed when the try block is exited
//independent of an exception thrown or not
}
The finally block prevent executing...
- When you called
System.exit(0);
- If JVM exits.
- Errors in the JVM
Solution 36 - Java
If an exception is thrown, finally runs. If an exception is not thrown, finally runs. If the exception is caught, finally runs. If the exception is not caught, finally runs.
Only time it does not run is when JVM exits.
Solution 37 - Java
The finally block will not be called after return in a couple of unique scenarios: if System.exit() is called first, or if the JVM crashes.
Let me try to answer your question in the easiest possible way.
Rule 1 : The finally block always run (Though there are exceptions to it. But let's stick to this for sometime.)
Rule 2 : the statements in the finally block run when control leaves a try or a catch block.The transfer of control can occur as a result of normal execution ,of execution of a break , continue, goto or a return statement, or of a propogation of an exception.
In case of a return statement specifically (since its captioned), the control has to leave the calling method , And hence calls the finally block of the corresponding try-finally structure. The return statement is executed after the finally block.
In case there's a return statement in the finally block also, it will definitely override the one pending at the try block , since its clearing the call stack.
You can refer a better explanation here : http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/.... the concept is mostly same in all the high level languages.
Solution 38 - Java
Yes, it is written here
> If the JVM exits while the try or catch code is being executed, then the finally block may not execute. Likewise, if the thread executing the try or catch code is interrupted or killed, the finally block may not execute even though the application as a whole continues.
Solution 39 - Java
Try this code, you will understand the code in finally block is get executed after return statement.
public class TestTryCatchFinally {
static int x = 0;
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(f1() );
System.out.println(f2() );
}
public static int f1(){
try{
x = 1;
return x;
}finally{
x = 2;
}
}
public static int f2(){
return x;
}
}
Solution 40 - Java
Finally block always execute whether exception handle or not .if any exception occurred before try block then finally block will not execute.
Solution 41 - Java
Because the final is always be called in whatever cases you have. You don't have exception, it is still called, catch exception, it is still called
Solution 42 - Java
Consider this in a normal course of execution (i.e without any Exception being thrown): if method is not 'void' then it always explicitly returns something, yet, finally always gets executed
Solution 43 - Java
finally
can also be exited prematurely if an Exception
is throw
n inside a nested finally
block. The compiler will warn you that the finally
block does not complete normally or give an error that you have unreachable code. The error for unreachable code will be shown only if the throw
is not behind a conditional statement or inside a loop.
try{
}finally{
try{
}finally{
//if(someCondition) --> no error because of unreachable code
throw new RunTimeException();
}
int a = 5;//unreachable code
}
Solution 44 - Java
Same with the following code:
static int f() {
while (true) {
try {
return 1;
} finally {
break;
}
}
return 2;
}
f will return 2!
Solution 45 - Java
Yes it will always called but in one situation it not call when you use System.exit()
try{
//risky code
}catch(Exception e){
//exception handling code
}
finally(){
//It always execute but before this block if there is any statement like System.exit(0); then this block not execute.
}
Solution 46 - Java
finally block is executed always even if you put a return statement in the try block. The finally block will be executed before the return statement.
Solution 47 - Java
Finally is always called at the end
when you try, it executes some code, if something happens in try, then catch will catch that exception and you could print some mssg out or throw an error, then finally block is executed.
Finally is normally used when doing cleanups, for instance, if you use a scanner in java, you should probably close the scanner as it leads to other problems such as not being able to open some file
Solution 48 - Java
Here are some conditions which can bypass a finally block:
- If the JVM exits while the try or catch code is being executed, then the finally block may not execute. More on sun tutorial
- Normal Shutdown - this occurs either when the last non-daemon thread exits OR when Runtime.exit() (some good blog). When a thread exits, the JVM performs an inventory of running threads, and if the only threads that are left are daemon threads, it initiates an orderly shutdown. When the JVM halts, any remaining daemon threads are abandoned finally blocks are not executed, stacks are not unwound the JVM just exits. Daemon threads should be used sparingly few processing activities can be safely abandoned at any time with no cleanup. In particular, it is dangerous to use daemon threads for tasks that might perform any sort of I/O. Daemon threads are best saved for "housekeeping" tasks, such as a background thread that periodically removes expired entries from an in-memory cache (source)
Last non-daemon thread exits example:
public class TestDaemon {
private static Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
while (true) {
System.out.println("Is alive");
Thread.sleep(10);
// throw new RuntimeException();
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
t.printStackTrace();
} finally {
System.out.println("This will never be executed.");
}
}
};
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Thread daemon = new Thread(runnable);
daemon.setDaemon(true);
daemon.start();
Thread.sleep(100);
// daemon.stop();
System.out.println("Last non-daemon thread exits.");
}
}
Output:
Is alive
Is alive
Is alive
Is alive
Is alive
Is alive
Is alive
Is alive
Is alive
Is alive
Last non-daemon thread exits.
Is alive
Is alive
Is alive
Is alive
Is alive
Solution 49 - Java
try-with-resoruce example
static class IamAutoCloseable implements AutoCloseable {
private final String name;
IamAutoCloseable(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void close() {
System.out.println(name);
}
}
@Test
public void withResourceFinally() {
try (IamAutoCloseable closeable1 = new IamAutoCloseable("closeable1");
IamAutoCloseable closeable2 = new IamAutoCloseable("closeable2")) {
System.out.println("try");
} finally {
System.out.println("finally");
}
}
Test output:
try
closeable2
closeable1
finally
Solution 50 - Java
I am terribly late to answer here, but I am surprised that no one mentioned the Java debugger option to drop a stack frame. I am a heavy user of this feature in IntelliJ. (I am sure Eclipse and NetBeans has support for the same feature.)
If I drop stack frame from a the try or catch block that is followed by a finally block, the IDE will prompt me: "Shall I execute the finally block?" Obviously, this is an artificial runtime environment -- a debugger!
To answer your question, I would say you can only guarantee it runs if ignore when a debugger is attached, and (like others said) method something()
does not (a) call Java method System.exit(int)
or (b) C function exit(int)
/ abort()
via JNI or (c) do something crazy like call kill -9 $PID
on itself(!).
Solution 51 - Java
The accepted answer is true in nearly all aspects, but it is still only halve the truth at all (ok, 95% of the truth).
Assume the following code:
private final Lock m_Lock = new ReentrantLock();
…
public final SomeObject doSomething( final SomeObject arg )
{
final SomeObject retValue;
try
{
lock.lock();
retValue = SomeObject( arg );
}
finally
{
out.println( "Entering finally block");
callingAnotherMethod( arg, retValue );
lock.unlock();
}
return retValue;
}
…
try
{
final var result = doSomething( new SomeObject() );
}
catch( final StackOverflowError e ) { /* Deliberately ignored */ }
Calling the method doSomething()
will cause a StackOverflowError
nearly immediately.
And the lock
will not be released!
But how could this happen when the finally
block is always executed (with the exceptions already listed in the accepted answer)?
That is because there is no guarantee made that all statements in the finally
block are really executed!
This would be obvious if there would be a call to System.exit()
or a throws
statement before the call to lock.unlock()
.
But there is nothing like that in the sample code …
Aside that the two other method calls in the finally
block before the call to lock.unlock()
will cause another StackOverflowError
…
And voilà, the lock is not released!
Although the sample code as such is silly, similar patterns can be found a lot in many kinds of software. All works fine as long as nothing ugly happens in the finally
block …
Funny fact is that it does not work in later versions of Java (meaning that in later versions, the lock was released …). No idea when and why this changed.
But you still have to make sure that the finally
block always terminates normally, otherwise it might not matter if (that) it always get executed …