#define vs const in Objective-C

I'm new to Objective-C, and I have a few questions regarding const and the preprocessing directive #define.

First, I found that it's not possible to define the type of the constant using #define. Why is that?

Second, are there any advantages to use one of them over the another one?

Finally, which way is more efficient and/or more secure?

> First, I found that its not possible to define the type of the constant using #define, why is that?

Why is what? It's not true:

#define MY_INT_CONSTANT ((int) 12345)

> Second, are there any advantages to use one of them over the another one?

Yes. #define defines a macro which is replaced even before compilation starts. const merely modifies a variable so that the compiler will flag an error if you try to change it. There are contexts in which you can use a #define but you can't use a const (although I'm struggling to find one using the latest clang). In theory, a const takes up space in the executable and requires a reference to memory, but in practice this is insignificant and may be optimised away by the compiler.

consts are much more compiler and debugger friendly than #defines. In most cases, this is the overriding point you should consider when making a decision on which one to use.

Just thought of a context in which you can use #define but not const. If you have a constant that you want to use in lots of .c files, with a #define you just stick it in a header. With a const you have to have a definition in a C file and

// in a C file
const int MY_INT_CONST = 12345;

// in a header
extern const int MY_INT_CONST;

in a header. MY_INT_CONST can't be used as the size of a static or global scope array in any C file except the one it is defined in.

However, for integer constants you can use an enum. In fact that is what Apple does almost invariably. This has all the advantages of both #defines and consts but only works for integer constants.

// In a header
enum
{
    MY_INT_CONST = 12345,
};

> Finally, which way is more efficient and/or more secure?

#define is more efficient in theory although, as I said, modern compilers probably ensure there is little difference. #define is more secure in that it is always a compiler error to try to assign to it

#define FOO 5

// ....

FOO = 6;   // Always a syntax error

consts can be tricked into being assigned to although the compiler might issue warnings:

const int FOO = 5;

// ...

(int) FOO = 6;     // Can make this compile

Depending on the platform, the assignment might still fail at run time if the constant is placed in a read only segment and it's officially undefined behaviour according to the C standard.

Personally, for integer constants, I always use enums for constants of other types, I use const unless I have a very good reason not to.

From a C coder:

A const is simply a variable whose content cannot be changed.

#define name value, however, is a preprocessor command that replaces all instances of the name with value.

For instance, if you #define defTest 5, all instances of defTest in your code will be replaced with 5 when you compile.

It is important to understand the difference between the #define and the const instructions which are not meant to the same things.

const

const is used to generate an object from the asked type that will be, once initialised, constant. It means that it is an object in the program memory and can be used as readonly. The object is generated every time the program is launched.

#define

#define is used in order to ease the code readability and future modifications. When using a define, you only mask a value behind a name. Hence when working with a rectangle you can define width and height with corresponding values. Then in the code, it will be easier to read since instead of numbers there will be names.

If later you decide to change the value for the width you would only have to change it in the define instead of a boring and dangerous find/replace in your whole file. When compiling, the preprocessor will replace all the defined name by the values in the code. Hence, there is no time lost using them.

In addition to other peoples comments, errors using #define are notoriously difficult to debug as the pre-processor gets hold of them before the compiler.

Since pre-processor directives are frowned upon, I suggest using a const. You can't specify a type with a pre-processor because a pre-processor directive is resolved before compilation. Well, you can, but something like:

#define DEFINE_INT(name,value) const int name = value;

and use it as

DEFINE_INT(x,42) 

which would be seen by the compiler as

const int x = 42;

> First, I found that its not possible to define the type of the constant using #define, why is that?

You can, see my first snippet.

> Second, are there any advantages to use one of them over the another one?

Generally having a const instead of a pre-processor directive helps with debugging, not as much in this case (but still does).

> Finally, which way is more efficient and/or more secure?

Both are as efficient. I'd say the macro can potentially be more secure as it can't be changed during run-time, whereas a variable could.

I have used #define before to help create more methods out of one method like if I have something like.

 // This method takes up to 4 numbers, we don't care what the method does with these numbers.
 void doSomeCalculationWithMultipleNumbers:(NSNumber *)num1 Number2:(NSNumber *)num2 Number3:(NSNumber *)num23 Number3:(NSNumber *)num3;
 

But I also what to have a method that only takes 3 numbers and 2 numbers so instead of writing two new methods I am going to use the same one using the #define, like so.

 #define doCalculationWithFourNumbers(num1, num2, num3, num4) \
         doSomeCalculationWithMultipleNumbers((num1), (num2), (num3), (num4))

 #define doCalculationWithThreeNumbers(num1, num2, num3) \
         doSomeCalculationWithMultipleNumbers((num1), (num2), (num3), nil)
 
 #define doCalculationWithTwoNumbers(num1, num2) \
         doSomeCalculationWithMultipleNumbers((num1), (num2), nil, nil)

I think this is a pretty cool thing to have, I know you can go straight to the method and just put nil in the spaces you don't want but if you are building a library it is very useful. Also this is how

     NSLocalizedString(<#key#>, <#comment#>)
     NSLocalizedStringFromTable(<#key#>, <#tbl#>, <#comment#>)
     NSLocalizedStringFromTableInBundle(<#key#>, <#tbl#>, <#bundle#>, <#comment#>)

are done.

Whereas I don't believe you can do this with constants. But constants do have there benefits over #define like you can't specify a type with a #define because it is a pre-processor directive that is resolved before compilation, and if you get an error with #define they are harder to debug then constants. Both have there benefits and downsides but I would say it all depends on the programmer to which one you decided to use. I have written a library with both them in using the #define to do what I have shown and constants for declaring constant variables which I need to specify a type on.