CSS – why doesn’t percentage height work?
CssHeightWidthCss Problem Overview
How come a percentage value for height doesn’t work but a percentage value for width does?
<div id="working"></div>
<div id="not-working"></div>
#working{
width:80%;
height:140px;
background:orange;
}
#not-working{
width:80%;
height:30%;
background:green;
}
The width of #working ends up being 80% of the viewport, but the height of #not-working ends up being 0.
Css Solutions
Solution 1 - Css
The height of a block element defaults to the height of the block's content. So, given something like this:
<div id="outer">
<div id="inner">
<p>Where is pancakes house?</p>
</div>
</div>
#inner will grow to be tall enough to contain the paragraph and #outer will grow to be tall enough to contain #inner.
When you specify the height or width as a percentage, that's a percentage with respect to the element's parent. In the case of width, all block elements are, unless specified otherwise, as wide as their parent all the way back up to <html>; so, the width of a block element is independent of its content and saying width: 50% yields a well defined number of pixels.
However, the height of a block element depends on its content unless you specify a specific height. So there is feedback between the parent and child where height is concerned and saying height: 50% doesn't yield a well defined value unless you break the feedback loop by giving the parent element a specific height.
Solution 2 - Css
A percentage value in a height property has a little complication, and the width and height properties actually behave differently to each other. Let me take you on a tour through the specs.
height property:
Let's have a look at what CSS Snapshot 2010 spec says about height:
> The percentage is calculated with respect to the height of the generated box's containing block. If the height of the containing block is not specified explicitly (i.e., it depends on content height), and this element is not absolutely positioned, the value computes to 'auto'. A percentage height on the root element is relative to the initial containing block. Note: For absolutely positioned elements whose containing block is based on a block-level element, the percentage is calculated with respect to the height of the padding box of that element.
OK, let's take that apart step by step:
> The percentage is calculated with respect to the height of the generated box's containing block.
What's a containing block? It's a bit complicated, but for a normal element in the default static position, it's:
> the nearest block container ancestor box
or in English, its parent box. (It's well worth knowing what it would be for fixed and absolute positions as well, but I'm ignoring that to keep this answer short.)
So take these two examples:
<div id="a" style="width: 100px; height: 200px; background-color: orange">
<div id="aa" style="width: 100px; height: 50%; background-color: blue"></div>
</div>
<div id="b" style="width: 100px; background-color: orange">
<div id="bb" style="width: 100px; height: 50%; background-color: blue"></div>
</div>
In this example, the containing block of #aa is #a, and so on for #b and #bb. So far, so good.
The next sentence of the spec for height is the complication I mentioned in the introduction to this answer:
> If the height of the containing block is not specified explicitly (i.e., it depends on content height), and this element is not absolutely positioned, the value computes to 'auto'.
Aha! Whether the height of the containing block has been specified explicitly matters!
- 50% of
height:200pxis 100px in the case of#aa - But 50% of
height:autoisauto, which is 0px in the case of#bbsince there is no content forautoto expand to
As the spec says, it also matters whether the containing block has been absolutely positioned or not, but let's move on to width.
width property:
So does it work the same way for width? Let's take a look at the spec:
> The percentage is calculated with respect to the width of the generated box's containing block.
Take a look at these familiar examples, tweaked from the previous to vary width instead of height:
<div id="c" style="width: 200px; height: 100px; background-color: orange">
<div id="cc" style="width: 50%; height: 100px; background-color: blue"></div>
</div>
<div id="d" style=" height: 100px; background-color: orange">
<div id="dd" style="width: 50%; height: 100px; background-color: blue"></div>
</div>
- 50% of
width:200pxis 100px in the case of#cc - 50% of
width:autois 50% of whateverwidth:autoends up being, unlikeheight, there is no special rule that treats this case differently.
Now, here's the tricky bit: auto means different things, depending partly on whether its been specified for width or height! For height, it just meant the height needed to fit the contents*, but for width, auto is actually more complicated. You can see from the code snippet that's in this case it ended up being the width of the viewport.
What does the spec say about the auto value for width?
> The width depends on the values of other properties. See the sections below.
Wahey, that's not helpful. To save you the trouble, I've found you the relevant section to our use-case, titled "calculating widths and margins", subtitled "block-level, non-replaced elements in normal flow":
> The following constraints must hold among the used values of the other properties: > > 'margin-left' + 'border-left-width' + 'padding-left' + 'width' + 'padding-right' + 'border-right-width' + 'margin-right' = width of containing block
OK, so width plus the relevant margin, border and padding borders must all add up to the width of the containing block (not descendents the way height works). Just one more spec sentence:
> If 'width' is set to 'auto', any other 'auto' values become '0' and 'width' follows from the resulting equality.
Aha! So in this case, 50% of width:auto is 50% of the viewport. Hopefully everything finally makes sense now!
Footnotes
* At least, as far it matters in this case. spec All right, everything only kind of makes sense now.
Solution 3 - Css
I think you just need to give it a parent container... even if that container's height is defined in percentage. This seams to work just fine: JSFiddle
html, body {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.wrapper {
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.container {
width: 100%;
height: 50%;
}
Solution 4 - Css
You need to give it a container with a height. width uses the viewport as the default width
Solution 5 - Css
Another option is to add style to div
<div style="position: absolute; height:somePercentage%; overflow:auto(or other overflow value)">
//to be scrolled
</div>
And it means that an element is positioned relative to the nearest positioned ancestor.
Solution 6 - Css
Without content, the height has no value to calculate the percentage of. The width, however, will take the percentage from the DOM, if no parent is specified. (Using your example) Placing the second div inside the first div, would have rendered a result...example below...
<div id="working">
<div id="not-working"></div>
</div>
The second div would be 30% of the first div's height.