According to http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/user/advanced/#session-objects , you should be able to do:

    s = requests.Session()
    s.headers.update({&#39;referer&#39;: my_referer})
    s.get(url)

Or just:

    requests.get(url, headers={&#39;referer&#39;: my_referer})

Your `headers` dict will be merged with the default/session headers. From the [docs][1]:

&gt; Any dictionaries that you pass to a request method will be merged with
&gt; the session-level values that are set. The method-level parameters
&gt; override session parameters.


  [1]: http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/user/advanced/

I am trying to have a row across my screen, with Login information on the left, and then some other info on the far right, right justified. This is my unsuccessful attempt:

    &lt;div class=&quot;container well&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;col-lg-6&quot;&gt;
                @(Session[&quot;CurrentUserDisplay&quot;] != null ? &quot;Welcome, &quot; + @Session[&quot;CurrentUserDisplay&quot;] : &quot;Not logged in&quot;)
            &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;col-lg-6 pull-right&quot;&gt;Active Portfolio: @(Session[&quot;ActivePortfolioName&quot;].ToString()) 
            &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

But the 2nd column is sitting in the middle of the row, so seems it&#39;s not right justified in the &#39;cell&#39;. Can anyone guide me to get this right?

Twitter Bootstrap column not right aligning

I get an error on the following Python code:

    import mysql.connector
    cnx = mysql.connector.connect(user=&#39;root&#39;, password=&#39;&#39;,
                              host=&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;,
                              database=&#39;DB&#39;)
    cursor = cnx.cursor()

    Name = &quot;James&quot;
    Department = &quot;Finance&quot;
    StartYear = 2001
    CurrentPos = 2001
    Link = &quot;&quot;

    add_user = (&quot;INSERT INTO DB.tbluser &quot;
           &quot;(username, department, startyear, currentpos, link) &quot;
           &quot;VALUES (%s, %s, %d, %d, %s)&quot;)
    data_user = (Name, Department, StartYear, CurrentPos, Link)
    cursor.execute(add_user, data_user)
    cnx.commit()
    cursor.close()
    cnx.close()

The error message is 

    mysql.connector.errors.ProgrammingError: Not all parameters were used in the SQL statement

Do you understand why?

Not all parameters were used in the SQL statement (Python, MySQL)

How do I change the referer if I&#39;m using the requests library to make a GET request to a web page. I went through the entire manual but couldn&#39;t find it.

Changing the referer URL in python requests

<p>How do I change the referer if I'm using the requests library to make a GET request to a web page. I went through the entire manual but couldn't find it.</p>


I was just very confused by some code that I wrote. I was surprised to discover that:


    with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4) as executor:
        results = list(executor.map(f, iterable))

and 


    with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4) as executor:
        results = list(map(lambda x: executor.submit(f, x), iterable))

produce different results. The first one produces a list of whatever type `f` returns, the second produces a list of `concurrent.futures.Future` objects that then need to be evaluated with their `result()` method in order to get the value that `f` returned. 

My main concern is that this means that `executor.map` can&#39;t take advantage of `concurrent.futures.as_completed`, which seems like an extremely convenient way to evaluate the results of some long-running calls to a database that I&#39;m making as they become available. 

I&#39;m not at all clear on how `concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor` objects work -- naively, I would prefer the (somewhat more verbose):

    with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4) as executor:
        result_futures = list(map(lambda x: executor.submit(f, x), iterable))
        results = [f.result() for f in futures.as_completed(result_futures)]

over the more concise `executor.map` in order to take advantage of a possible gain in performance. Am I wrong to do so?

How does ThreadPoolExecutor().map differ from ThreadPoolExecutor().submit?

If I&#39;m closing a project and then just delete the project folder, after PyCharm restarts an empty project folder is created again.

How to remove project in PyCharm?

Is there a way to convert `true` of type `unicode` to 1 and `false` of type `unicode` to 0 (in Python)?

For example: `x == &#39;true&#39; and type(x) == unicode`

I want `x = 1`

PS: I don’t want to use `if`-`else`.





How to convert &#39;false&#39; to 0 and &#39;true&#39; to 1?

I can&#39;t figure out to display text in pygame.  
I know I can&#39;t use print like in regular Python IDLE but I don&#39;t know how.  

    import pygame, sys
    from pygame.locals import *

    BLACK = ( 0, 0, 0)
    WHITE = (255, 255, 255)
    GREEN = (0, 255, 0)
    RED = ( 255, 0, 0)

    pygame.init()
    size = (700, 500)
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode(size)

    DISPLAYSURF = pygame.display.set_mode((400, 300))
    pygame.display.set_caption(&#39;P.Earth&#39;)
    while 1: # main game loop
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == QUIT:           
                pygame.display.update() 
    
    import time

    direction = &#39;&#39;
    print(&#39;Welcome to Earth&#39;)
    pygame.draw.rect(screen, RED, [55,500,10,5], 0)
    time.sleep(1)

This is only the beginning part of the whole program.  
If there is a format that will allow me to show the text I type in the pygame window that&#39;d be great. So instead of using print I would use something else. But I don&#39;t know what that something else is.
When I run my program in pygame it doesn&#39;t show anything.  
I want the program to run in the pygame window instead of it just running in idle.

How to display text in pygame?

I am trying to save a csv to a folder after making some edits to the file. 

Every time I use `pd.to_csv(&#39;C:/Path of file.csv&#39;)` the csv file has a separate column of indexes. I want to avoid printing the index to csv.

I tried: 

    pd.read_csv(&#39;C:/Path to file to edit.csv&#39;, index_col = False)

And to save the file...

    pd.to_csv(&#39;C:/Path to save edited file.csv&#39;, index_col = False)

However, I still got the unwanted index column. How can I avoid this when I save my files?

How to avoid Python/Pandas creating an index in a saved csv?

I tried to read the documentation at [http://docs.python.org/dev/library/multiprocessing.html][1] but I&#39;m  still struggling with multiprocessing Queue, Pool and Locking. And for now I was able to build the example below.

Regarding Queue and Pool, I&#39;m not sure if I understood the concept in the right way, so correct me if I&#39;m wrong.  What I&#39;m trying to achieve is to 
process 2 requests at time ( data list have 8 in this example ) so, what should I use? Pool to create 2 processes that can handle two different queues ( 2 at max ) or should I just use Queue to process 2 inputs each time? The lock would be to print the outputs correctly.


    import multiprocessing
    import time
    
    data = ([&#39;a&#39;, &#39;2&#39;], [&#39;b&#39;, &#39;4&#39;], [&#39;c&#39;, &#39;6&#39;], [&#39;d&#39;, &#39;8&#39;],
            [&#39;e&#39;, &#39;1&#39;], [&#39;f&#39;, &#39;3&#39;], [&#39;g&#39;, &#39;5&#39;], [&#39;h&#39;, &#39;7&#39;]
    )
    
    
    def mp_handler(var1):
        for indata in var1:
            p = multiprocessing.Process(target=mp_worker, args=(indata[0], indata[1]))
            p.start()
    
    
    def mp_worker(inputs, the_time):
        print &quot; Processs %s\tWaiting %s seconds&quot; % (inputs, the_time)
        time.sleep(int(the_time))
        print &quot; Process %s\tDONE&quot; % inputs
    
    if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39;:
        mp_handler(data)

  [1]: http://docs.python.org/dev/library/multiprocessing.html

Dead simple example of using Multiprocessing Queue, Pool and Locking

I have the following code that checks if an internet connection is present.

    import urllib2
    
    def internet_on():
        try:
            response=urllib2.urlopen(&#39;http://74.125.228.100&#39;,timeout=20)
            return True
        except urllib2.URLError as err: pass
        return False

This will test for an internet connection, but how effective is it?

I know internet varies in quality from person to person, so I&#39;m looking for something that is most effective for the broad spectrum, and the above code seems like there might be loopholes where people could find bugs. For instance if someone just had a really slow connection, and took longer than 20 seconds to respond.

Test if an internet connection is present in python

I would like to display a pandas dataframe with a given format using `print()` and the IPython `display()`. For example:

    df = pd.DataFrame([123.4567, 234.5678, 345.6789, 456.7890],
                      index=[&#39;foo&#39;,&#39;bar&#39;,&#39;baz&#39;,&#39;quux&#39;],
                      columns=[&#39;cost&#39;])
    print df

             cost
    foo   123.4567
    bar   234.5678
    baz   345.6789
    quux  456.7890

I would like to somehow coerce this into printing

             cost
    foo   $123.46
    bar   $234.57
    baz   $345.68
    quux  $456.79

without having to modify the data itself or create a copy, just change the way it is displayed.

How can I do this?

How to display pandas DataFrame of floats using a format string for columns?

I am getting an error when I try to run this simple script:

    input_variable = input(&quot;Enter your name: &quot;)
    print(&quot;your name is&quot; + input_variable)
Let&#39;s say I type in &quot;dude&quot;, the error I am getting is:
```none
  line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
    input_variable = input(&quot;Enter your name: &quot;)
  File &quot;&lt;string&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
NameError: name &#39;dude&#39; is not defined
```

I am running Mac OS X 10.9.1 and I am using the Python Launcher app that came with the install of Python 3.3 to run the script.

input() error - NameError: name &#39;...&#39; is not defined

I was wondering what is exactly the code that executed on the command:

    &gt;&gt;&gt; from __future__ import braces
    SyntaxError: not a chance

so, since python is open-sourced I opened `C:\Python27\Lib\__future__.py` and looked.
surprisingly, I found nothing there that handle importing `braces` module.

so, my question is, where is the code that handle this? what happen when I run that command?


Where is the &quot;from __future__ import braces&quot; code?

I&#39;m gathering statistics on a list of websites and I&#39;m using requests for it for simplicity. Here is my code:

    data=[]
    websites=[&#39;http://google.com&#39;, &#39;http://bbc.co.uk&#39;]
    for w in websites:
    	r= requests.get(w, verify=False)
    	data.append( (r.url, len(r.content), r.elapsed.total_seconds(), str([(l.status_code, l.url) for l in r.history]), str(r.headers.items()), str(r.cookies.items())) )
     

Now, I want `requests.get` to timeout after 10 seconds so the loop doesn&#39;t get stuck. 

This question has been of interest [before][1] too but none of the answers are clean. I will be putting some bounty on this to get a nice answer.

I hear that maybe not using requests is a good idea but then how should I get the nice things requests offer. (the ones in the tuple)


  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13573146/how-to-perform-time-limited-response-download-with-python-requests

Timeout for python requests.get entire response

I want to do parallel http request tasks in `asyncio`, but I find that `python-requests` would block the event loop of `asyncio`. I&#39;ve found [aiohttp](https://github.com/KeepSafe/aiohttp) but it couldn&#39;t provide the service of http request using a http proxy.

So I want to know if there&#39;s a way to do asynchronous http requests with the help of `asyncio`.


How could I use requests in asyncio?

I&#39;m performing a simple task of uploading a file using Python requests library. I searched Stack Overflow and no one seemed to have the same problem, namely, that the file is not received by the server:

    import requests
    url=&#39;http://nesssi.cacr.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/getmulticonedb_release2.cgi/post&#39;
    files={&#39;files&#39;: open(&#39;file.txt&#39;,&#39;rb&#39;)}
    values={&#39;upload_file&#39; : &#39;file.txt&#39; , &#39;DB&#39;:&#39;photcat&#39; , &#39;OUT&#39;:&#39;csv&#39; , &#39;SHORT&#39;:&#39;short&#39;}
    r=requests.post(url,files=files,data=values)


I&#39;m filling the value of &#39;upload_file&#39; keyword with my filename, because if I leave it blank, it says

    Error - You must select a file to upload!

And now I get 

    File  file.txt  of size    bytes is  uploaded successfully!
    Query service results:  There were 0 lines.

Which comes up only if the file is empty. So I&#39;m stuck as to how to send my file successfully. I know that the file works because if I go to this website and manually fill in the form it returns a nice list of matched objects, which is what I&#39;m after.  I&#39;d  really appreciate all hints. 

Some other threads related (but not answering my problem):

 - https://stackoverflow.com/questions/68477/send-file-using-post-from-a-python-script
 - http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/user/quickstart/#response-content
 - https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13015166/uploading-files-using-requests-and-send-extra-data
 - http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/user/advanced/#body-content-workflow


How to upload file with python requests?

I&#39;m trying to get the content of [App Store &gt; Business][1]:

    import requests
    from lxml import html

    page = requests.get(&quot;https://itunes.apple.com/in/genre/ios-business/id6000?mt=8&quot;)
    tree = html.fromstring(page.text)
    
    flist = []
    plist = []
    for i in range(0, 100):
        app = tree.xpath(&quot;//div[@class=&#39;column first&#39;]/ul/li/a/@href&quot;)
        ap = app[0]
        page1 = requests.get(ap)

When I try the `range` with `(0,2)` it works, but when I put the `range` in `100`s it shows this error:

    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File &quot;/home/preetham/Desktop/eg.py&quot;, line 17, in &lt;module&gt;
        page1 = requests.get(ap)
      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/api.py&quot;, line 55, in get
        return request(&#39;get&#39;, url, **kwargs)
      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/api.py&quot;, line 44, in request
        return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py&quot;, line 383, in request
        resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py&quot;, line 486, in send
        r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/adapters.py&quot;, line 378, in send
        raise ConnectionError(e)
    requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host=&#39;itunes.apple.com&#39;, port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /in/app/adobe-reader/id469337564?mt=8 (Caused by &lt;class &#39;socket.gaierror&#39;&gt;: [Errno -2] Name or service not known)


  [1]: https://itunes.apple.com/in/genre/ios-business/id6000?mt=8

Max retries exceeded with URL in requests

I would like to add a retry mechanism to python request library, so scripts that are using it will retry for non fatal errors.

At this moment I do consider three kind of errors to be recoverable:

* HTTP return codes 502, 503, 504
* host not found (less important now)
* request timeout

At the first stage I do want to retry specified 5xx requests every minute. 

I want to be able to add this functionality transparently, without having to manually implement recovery for each HTTP call made from inside these scripts or libraries that are using python-requests.


How to implement retry mechanism into python requests library?

I&#160;am trying to send form data to a webservice but below &quot;Request Header&quot; in the &quot;Network&quot; of the Chrome DOM&#160;I got the origin &quot;evil.com&quot; and referer &quot;localhost:8080&quot;. 

    Accept:application/json, text/plain, */*
    Accept-Encoding:gzip, deflate
    Accept-Language:nb-NO,nb;q=0.8,no;q=0.6,nn;q=0.4,en-US;q=0.2,en;q=0.2
    Connection:keep-alive
    Content-Length:91
    Content-Type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8;
    Host:office.insoft.net:9091
    Origin:http://evil.com/
    Referer:http://localhost:8080/
    User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_9_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2230.0 Safari/537.36

I&#160;want to change to another origin and &quot;localhost:8080&quot; would be the best origin.

How do I&#160;resolve that problem?


Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Mayank Kumar	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	simon	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Changing the referer URL in python requests

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Not all parameters were used in the SQL statement (Python, MySQL)

Twitter Bootstrap column not right aligning

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