Try linux command `chsh`.

The detailed command is `chsh -s /bin/bash`.
It will prompt you to enter your password.
Your default login shell is `/bin/bash` now. **You must log out and log back in to see this change.**

The following is quoted from man page:

&gt; The chsh command changes the user login shell. This determines the
&gt; name
&gt;        of the users initial login command. A normal user may only change the
&gt;        login shell for her own account, the superuser may change the login
&gt;        shell for any account

This command will change the default login shell permanently.

Note: If your user account is remote such as on Kerberos authentication (e.g. Enterprise RHEL) then you will not be able to use `chsh`. 

You can change the passwd file directly for the particular user or use the below command

    chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash username

**Then log out and log in**

You should have a &#39;skeleton&#39; somewhere in `/etc`, probably `/etc/skeleton`, or check the default settings, probably `/etc/default` or something. Those are scripts that define standard environment variables getting set during a login. 

If it is just for your own account: check the (hidden) file `~/.profile` and `~/.login`. Or generate them, if they don&#39;t exist. These are also evaluated by the login process. 

Section 6.3 of the TypeScript language spec talks about function overloading and gives concrete examples on how to implement this.  However if I try something like this:

    export class LayerFactory { 

        constructor (public styleFactory: Symbology.StyleFactory) { }
                        
        createFeatureLayer (userContext : Model.UserContext, mapWrapperObj : MapWrapperBase) : any {           
             throw &quot;not implemented&quot;;
        }                 

        createFeatureLayer(layerName : string, style : any) : any {
            throw &quot;not implemented&quot;;
         }        
        
    }

I get a compiler error indicating duplicate identifier even though function parameters are of different types.  Even if I add an additional parameter to the second createFeatureLayer function, I still get a compiler error.  Ideas, please.

TypeScript function overloading

I have windows, using Cygwin, trying to set `JAVA_HOME` permanently through my `.bashrc` file. 

**.bashrc:**

    export PATH=&quot;$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH&quot;  
    export JAVA_HOME=$JAVA_HOME:&quot;/cygdrive/c/Program Files (x86)/Java/jdk1.7.0_05&quot;

**.bash_profile:**

    if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
       source ~/.bashrc
    fi

**running cygwin:**

    -bash: $&#39;\377\376if&#39;: command not found
    -bash: $&#39;then\r&#39;: command not found
    : No such file or directorysu//.bashrc
    -bash: /cygdrive/c/Users/jhsu//.bash_profile: line 3: syntax error near unexpected token `fi&#39;
    -bash: /cygdrive/c/Users/jhsu//.bash_profile: line 3: `fi&#39;

I am not sure if I took the commands from a tutorial that was meant for another system or if I am missing a step.  Or whitespace is causing my commands not to run properly. 

I&#39;ve looked at multiple similar questions but I haven&#39;t found one where the question has my error exactly. 


----------

My home path:

    $ echo $HOME
    /cygdrive/c/Users/jhsu
    $ echo ~
    /cygdrive/c/Users/jhsu/

So I believe the files should be placed in the correct spot.

&#39;\r&#39;: command not found - .bashrc / .bash_profile

How is it possible to change the default shell? The `env` command currently says:

    SHELL=/bin/tcsh

and I want to change that to Bash.


Changing default shell in Linux

How is it possible to change the default shell? The <code>env</code> command currently says:
<pre><code class="hljs language-ini">SHELL=/bin/tcsh
</code></pre>
and I want to change that to Bash.

I am running RHEL6, and I have exported an environment variable like this:

    export DISPLAY=:0

That variable is lost when the terminal is closed. How do I permanently add this so that this variable value always exists with a particular user?

How to permanently export a variable in Linux?

This should be easy:  I want to run **sed** against a literal string, not an input file.  If you wonder why, it is to, for example edit values stored in variables, not necessarily text data.

When I do:

    sed &#39;s/,/&#39;,&#39;/g&#39; &quot;A,B,C&quot;

where A,B,C is the literal which I want to change to A&#39;,&#39;B&#39;,&#39;C

I get 

    Can&#39;t open A,B,C

As though it thinks A,B,C is a file.

I tried piping it to echo:

    echo &quot;A,B,C&quot; | sed &#39;s/,/&#39;,&#39;/g&#39; 

I get a prompt.

What is the right way to do it?

sed with literal string--not input file

I am trying to merge multiple linux commands in one line to perform deployment operation.
For example

    cd /my_folder
    rm *.jar
    svn co path to repo
    mvn compile package install



Execute combine multiple Linux commands in one line

When I write C programs in Linux, and then compile them using gcc, I am always curious about where those header files are. For example, where `stdio.h` is. More generally, where is `stdbool.h`?

What I want to know is not only where it is, but also how to get those places, for example, using shell command or using the C programming language.

How can I find the header files of the C programming language in Linux?

From the [GCC 4.8 draft changelog](http://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-4.8/changes.html#cxx):

&gt; G++ now implements the [C++11](http://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-4.8/cxx0x_status.html) `thread_local` keyword; this differs from
&gt; the GNU `__thread` keyword primarily in that it allows dynamic
&gt; initialization and destruction semantics. Unfortunately, this support
&gt; requires a run-time penalty for references to non-function-local
&gt; `thread_local` variables even if they don&#39;t need dynamic initialization,
&gt; so users may want to continue to use `__thread` for TLS variables with
&gt; static initialization semantics.

What is precisely the nature and origin of this run-time penalty?

Obviously to support non-function-local `thread_local` variables there needs to be a thread initialization phase before the entry to every thread main (just as there is a static initialization phase for global variables), but are they referring to some run-time penalty beyond that?

Roughly speaking what is the architecture of gcc&#39;s new implementation of thread_local?

What is the performance penalty of C++11 thread_local variables in GCC 4.8?

I have a bash variable depth and I would like to test if it equals 0. In case yes, I want to stop executing of script. So far I have:

    zero=0;

    if [ $depth -eq $zero ]; then
    	echo &quot;false&quot;;
    	exit;
    fi

Unfortunately, this leads to:

     [: -eq: unary operator expected

(might be a bit inaccurate due to translation)

Please, how can I modify my script to get it working?



Check if bash variable equals 0

How do you create a Bash script to activate a Python virtualenv?

I have a directory structure like:

    .env
        bin
            activate
            ...other virtualenv files...
    src
        shell.sh
        ...my code...

I can activate my virtualenv by:

    user@localhost:src$ . ../.env/bin/activate
    (.env)user@localhost:src$

However, doing the same from a Bash script does nothing:

    user@localhost:src$ cat shell.sh
    #!/bin/bash
    . ../.env/bin/activate
    user@localhost:src$ ./shell.sh
    user@localhost:src$ 

What am I doing wrong?

How to source virtualenv activate in a Bash script

I have a lot of this kind of string and I want to find a command to convert it in ascii, I tried with `echo -e` and `od`, but it did not work.

    0xA7.0x9B.0x46.0x8D.0x1E.0x52.0xA7.0x9B.0x7B.0x31.0xD2

Conversion hex string into ascii in bash command line

I am using below to get previous, current and the next month under `Ubuntu` 11.04:

    LAST_MONTH=`date +&#39;%m&#39; -d &#39;last month&#39;`
    NEXT_MONTH=`date +&#39;%m&#39; -d &#39;next month&#39;`
    THIS_MONTH=`date +&#39;%m&#39; -d &#39;now&#39;`

It works well until today, the last day of October, 2012 (2012-10-31)

I get below result as of now:

    $ date
    Wed Oct 31 15:35:26 PDT 2012
    $ date +&#39;%m&#39; -d &#39;last month&#39;
    10
    $ date +&#39;%m&#39; -d &#39;now&#39;
    10
    $ $ date +&#39;%m&#39; -d &#39;next month&#39;
    12

I suppose the outputs should be `9`,`10`,`11` respectively.

Don&#39;t understand why `date` outputs behave like this. What should be a good way to get consistant `previous`, `current` and `next` month instead?
    

Using `date` command to get previous, current and next month

&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  
&gt; [Shell script to append text to each file?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5586293/shell-script-to-append-text-to-each-file)  
&gt; [How to append output to the end of text file in SHELL Script?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6207573/how-to-append-output-to-the-end-of-text-file-in-shell-script)  

&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;

I&#39;m trying to work out the best way to insert api details into a pre-existing config. I thought about using `sed` to insert the contents of the api text file to the bottom of the config.inc file. I&#39;ve started the script but it doesn&#39;t work and it wipes the file. 

    #!/bin/bash
    
    CONFIG=/home/user/config.inc
    API=/home/user/api.txt
    
    sed -e &quot;\$a $API&quot; &gt; $CONFIG
    
What am I doing wrong?


Append file contents to the bottom of existing file in Bash

so, i&#39;m trying to push some files to /system on android device (zte)
I&#39;ve rooted, connected with ADB, 

adb remount -&gt; I get permission denied
adb shell su -&gt; I&#39;m able to access shell and create folders etc and edit filesystem

(but in shell I can&#39;t copy a file from my computer to device)

Any help please

adb remount permission denied, but able to access super user in shell -- android

Specifically, I want to print the results of a mongodb `find()` to a file. The JSON object is too large so I&#39;m unable to view the entire object with the shell window size.

Is there a way to &#39;pretty&#39; print MongoDB shell output to a file?

I&#39;m running Firefox on a Xvfb in a VPS. What I want to do is to take a full page screenshot of the page.

I can redirect Firefox to particular page using

    firefox http://google.com

and take a screenshot (inside X) using ImageMagick

    import root -window output.jpg

The problem is, most of the page need scrolling and I can&#39;t know the height beforehand.

The other way is to pick a very big height (like 4000px) and then process the image and remove the useless part. But that&#39;s unnecessary processing.

I found many Firefox add-ons, but I&#39;m looking for a solution that can be programmed using the Shell Command line.

Edit: I ended up writing my own [FireFox extension][1] for doing this.


  [1]: https://github.com/omarabid/CmdShots

Take a full page screenshot with Firefox on the command-line

Here is my problem,

In Windows I am making a zip file in which there is a text .sh file which is supposed to be executed in Linux.
The user on the other end opens the zip file in Linux and tries to execute the .sh file but the execute permission is gone. So the user has to do it manually ( like explained here:[add execute permission][1].

How can I in Windows make the .sh executable and add it to a zip file so that when the zip file opens in linux the .sh file still retains its execute permission ( so that user doesn&#39;t have to do it manually)


  [1]: http://roshanbook.wordpress.com/2012/01/06/make-sh-file-executable-in-linux/

How to assign execute permission to a .sh file in windows to be executed in linux

Does anyone know if we can say `set +x` in bash without it being printed:

    set -x
    command
    set +x

traces

    + command
    + set +x

but it should just print

    + command

Bash is Version 4.1.10(4). This is bugging me for some time now - output is cluttered with useless `set +x` lines, making the trace facility not as useful as it could be.


Bash set +x without it being printed

I have some code that needs to run only if the rails app is in the development environment (i.e. $ rails server) but not in the test environment (i.e. $ rake test).

When I try

    if Rails.env.development?
        dont run me during testing
    end

the code gets executed regardless of which environment I am in. I&#39;ve even tried:

    if Rails.env.development? and not Rails.env.test?
        NO, REALLY, DONT RUN ME DURING TESTING
    end

but no love.

What should I be doing instead?



How can I determine if my rails is in the development environment and not the test environment?

I have an issue with connecting environment to my Spring project.
In this class 

    @Configuration
    @ComponentScan(basePackages = &quot;my.pack.offer.*&quot;)
    @PropertySource(&quot;classpath:OfferService.properties&quot;)
    public class PropertiesUtil {
        @Autowired
        private Environment environment;

       

        @Bean
        public String load(String propertyName)
        {
            return environment.getRequiredProperty(propertyName);
        }
    }

environment always is null. 




Autowired Environment is null

I was looking for a way to set the environment path variable with a .cmd file.  
When the path variable was getting too long, I got some errors.  
Just add the needed variables to &#39;Set Path variable&#39; below  
Check the current value of your path variable and add to the script  
**Run the script as administrator!**  
Open a new console window and it should work e.g. php -v



Set windows environment variables with a batch file

I want to add a conda channel to a specific [conda environment](http://conda.pydata.org/docs/using/envs.html) but when I use 

    conda config --add channels glotzer

that channel is now available from all my conda environments.  In addition to testing an install from another environment, the `~/.condarc` file has the following:

    channels:
      - glotzer
      - defaults

How would I configure conda so the channel is only available from a specific environment?

I did find in the [channel documentation](http://conda.pydata.org/docs/channels.html) that for conda &gt;= 4.1.0, putting channels at the bottom of the `~/.condarc` will prevent added channels from overiding the core package set.

&gt; By default conda now prefers packages from a higher priority channel over any version from a lower priority channel. Therefore you can now safely put channels at the bottom of your
&gt; channel list to provide additional packages that are not in the
&gt; default channels, and still be confident that these channels will not
&gt; override the core package set.

I expect this will prevent most problems, except when in one environment you do want the package added through a channel to override a core package.

Can I add a channel to a specific conda environment?

conda 4.2.13
MacOSX 10.12.1

I am trying to install packages from `pip` to a fresh environment (virtual) created using anaconda.  [In the Anaconda docs][1] it says this is perfectly fine.  It is done the same way as for virtualenv.  

&gt; Activate the environment where you want to put the program, then pip install a program...

I created an empty environment in Ananconda like this:

    conda create -n shrink_venv

Activate it:

    source activate shrink_venv

I then can see in the terminal that I am working in my env `(shrink_venv)`.  Problem is coming up, when I try to install a package using `pip`:

    (shrink_venv): pip install Pillow

    Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): Pillow in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages

So I can see it thinks the requirement is satisfied from the system-wide package.  So it seems the environment is not working correctly, definitely not like it said in the docs.  Am I doing something wrong here?

Just a note, I know you can use `conda install` for the packages, but I have had an issue with Pillow from anaconda, so I wanted to get it from `pip`, and since the docs say that is fine.

Output of `which -a pip`:

    /usr/local/bin/pip
    /Users/my_user/anaconda/bin/pip

** UPDATE **
I see this is pretty common issue. What I have found is that the conda env doesn&#39;t play well with the PYTHONPATH. The system seems to always look in the PYTHONPATH locations even when you&#39;re using a conda environment. Now, I always run `unset PYTHONPATH` when using a conda environment, and it works much better. I&#39;m on a mac.

  [1]: http://conda.pydata.org/docs/using/pkgs.html#install-non-conda-packages

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	mahmood	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Linux	Summer_More_More_Tea	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Linux	Desert Ice	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Linux	arkascha	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Changing default shell in Linux

Linux Problem Overview

Linux Solutions

Solution 1 - Linux

Solution 2 - Linux

Solution 3 - Linux

'\r': command not found - .bashrc / .bash_profile

TypeScript function overloading

Attributions