C# variance problem: Assigning List<Derived> as List<Base>

Look at the following example (partially taken from MSDN Blog):

class Animal { }
class Giraffe : Animal { }

static void Main(string[] args)
{
    // Array assignment works, but...
    Animal[] animals = new Giraffe[10]; 

    // implicit...
    List<Animal> animalsList = new List<Giraffe>();

    // ...and explicit casting fails
    List<Animal> animalsList2 = (List<Animal>) new List<Giraffe>();
}

Is this a covariance problem? Will this be supported in the future C# release and are there any clever workarounds (using only .NET 2.0)?

Well this certainly won't be supported in C# 4. There's a fundamental problem:

List<Giraffe> giraffes = new List<Giraffe>();
giraffes.Add(new Giraffe());
List<Animal> animals = giraffes;
animals.Add(new Lion()); // Aargh!

Keep giraffes safe: just say no to unsafe variance.

The array version works because arrays do support reference type variance, with execution time checking. The point of generics is to provide compile-time type safety.

In C# 4 there will be support for safe generic variance, but only for interfaces and delegates. So you'll be able to do:

Func<string> stringFactory = () => "always return this string";
Func<object> objectFactory = stringFactory; // Safe, allowed in C# 4

Func<out T> is covariant in T because T is only used in an output position. Compare that with Action<in T> which is contravariant in T because T is only used in an input position there, making this safe:

Action<object> objectAction = x => Console.WriteLine(x.GetHashCode());
Action<string> stringAction = objectAction; // Safe, allowed in C# 4

IEnumerable<out T> is covariant as well, making this correct in C# 4, as pointed out by others:

IEnumerable<Animal> animals = new List<Giraffe>();
// Can't add a Lion to animals, as `IEnumerable<out T>` is a read-only interface.

In terms of working around this in your situation in C# 2, do you need to maintain one list, or would you be happy creating a new list? If that's acceptable, List<T>.ConvertAll is your friend.

It will work in C#4 for IEnumerable<T>, so you can do:

IEnumerable<Animal> animals = new List<Giraffe>();

However List<T> is not a covarient projection, so you cannot assign lists as you have done above since you could do this:

List<Animal> animals = new List<Giraffe>();
animals.Add(new Monkey());

Which is clearly not valid.

In terms of List<T>, I'm afraid you're out of luck. However, .NET 4.0/C# 4.0 adds support for covariant/contravariant interfaces. Specifically, IEnumerable<T> is now defined as IEnumerable<out T>, which means that the type parameter is now covariant.

This means you can do something like this in C# 4.0...

// implicit casting
IEnumerable<Animal> animalsList = new List<Giraffe>();

// explicit casting
IEnumerable<Animal> animalsList2 = (IEnumerable<Animal>) new List<Giraffe>();

Note: Array types have also been covariant (at least since .NET 1.1).

I think it's a shame that variance support wasn't added for IList<T> and other similar generic interfaces (or generic classes even), but oh well, at least we have something.

Covariance/contravariance can't be supported on mutable collections as others have mentioned because it's impossible to guarantee type safety both ways at compile time; however, it is possible to do a quick one-way conversion in C# 3.5, if that is what you're looking for:

List<Giraffe> giraffes = new List<Giraffe>();
List<Animal> animals = giraffes.Cast<Animal>().ToList();

Of course it's not the same thing, it's not actually covariance - you're actually creating another list, but it is a "workaround" so to speak.

In .NET 2.0, you can take advantage of array covariance to simplify the code:

List<Giraffe> giraffes = new List<Giraffe>();
List<Animal> animals = new List<Animal>(giraffes.ToArray());

But be aware that you're actually creating two new collections here.