Are shell scripts sensitive to encoding and line endings?

Bash Problem Overview

I am making a NW.js app on Mac, and want to run the app in dev mode by double-clicking on an icon. First step, I'm trying to make my shell script work.

Using VSCode on Windows (I wanted to gain time), I have created a run-nw file at the root of my project, containing this:

#!/bin/bash

cd "src"
npm install

cd ..
./tools/nwjs-sdk-v0.17.3-osx-x64/nwjs.app/Contents/MacOS/nwjs "src" &

but I get this output:

$ sh ./run-nw

: command not found  
: No such file or directory  
: command not found  
: No such file or directory  

Usage: npm <command>

where <command> is one of:  (snip commands list)

(snip npm help)

[email protected] /usr/local/lib/node_modules/npm  
: command not found  
: No such file or directory  
: command not found

I really don't understand:

it seems that it takes empty lines as commands. In my editor (VSCode) I have tried to replace \r\n with \n (in case the \r creates problems) but it changes nothing.
it seems that it doesn't find the folders (with or without the dirname instruction), or maybe it doesn't know about the cd command ?
it seems that it doesn't understand the install argument to npm
the part that really weirds me out, is that it still runs the app (if I did a npm install manually)...

Not able to make it work properly, and suspecting something weird with the file itself, I created a new one directly on the Mac, using vim this time. I entered the exact same instructions, and... now it works without any issue.
A diff on the two files reveals exactly zero difference.

What can be the difference? What can make the first script not work? How can I find out?

Update

Following the accepted answer's recommendations, after the wrong line endings came back, I checked multiple things. It turns out that since I copied my ~/.gitconfig from my Windows machine, I had autocrlf=true, so every time I modified the bash file under Windows, it re-set the line endings to \r\n.
So, in addition to running dos2unix (which you will have to install using Homebrew on a Mac), if you're using Git, check your config.

Bash Solutions

Solution 1 - Bash

Yes. Bash scripts are sensitive to line-endings, both in the script itself and in data it processes. They should have Unix-style line-endings, i.e., each line is terminated with a Line Feed character (decimal 10, hex 0A in ASCII).

DOS/Windows line endings in the script

With Windows or DOS-style line endings , each line is terminated with a Carriage Return followed by a Line Feed character. You can see this otherwise invisible character in the output of cat -v yourfile:

$ cat -v yourfile
#!/bin/bash^M
^M
cd "src"^M
npm install^M
^M
cd ..^M
./tools/nwjs-sdk-v0.17.3-osx-x64/nwjs.app/Contents/MacOS/nwjs "src" &^M

In this case, the carriage return (^M in caret notation or \r in C escape notation) is not treated as whitespace. Bash interprets the first line after the shebang (consisting of a single carriage return character) as the name of a command/program to run.

Since there is no command named ^M, it prints : command not found
Since there is no directory named "src"^M (or src^M), it prints : No such file or directory
It passes install^M instead of install as an argument to npm which causes npm to complain.

DOS/Windows line endings in input data

Like above, if you have an input file with carriage returns:

hello^M
world^M

then it will look completely normal in editors and when writing it to screen, but tools may produce strange results. For example, grep will fail to find lines that are obviously there:

$ grep 'hello$' file.txt || grep -x "hello" file.txt
(no match because the line actually ends in ^M)

Appended text will instead overwrite the line because the carriage returns moves the cursor to the start of the line:

$ sed -e 's/$/!/' file.txt
!ello
!orld

String comparison will seem to fail, even though strings appear to be the same when writing to screen:

$ a="hello"; read b < file.txt
$ if [[ "$a" = "$b" ]]
  then echo "Variables are equal."
  else echo "Sorry, $a is not equal to $b"
  fi

Sorry, hello is not equal to hello

Solutions

The solution is to convert the file to use Unix-style line endings. There are a number of ways this can be accomplished:

This can be done using the dos2unix program:
```
dos2unix filename
```
Open the file in a capable text editor (Sublime, Notepad++, not Notepad) and configure it to save files with Unix line endings, e.g., with Vim, run the following command before (re)saving:
```
:set fileformat=unix
```
If you have a version of the sed utility that supports the -i or --in-place option, e.g., GNU sed, you could run the following command to strip trailing carriage returns:
```
sed -i 's/\r$//' filename
```
With other versions of sed, you could use output redirection to write to a new file. Be sure to use a different filename for the redirection target (it can be renamed later).
```
sed 's/\r$//' filename > filename.unix
```
Similarly, the tr translation filter can be used to delete unwanted characters from its input:
```
tr -d '\r' <filename >filename.unix
```

Cygwin Bash

With the Bash port for Cygwin, there’s a custom igncr option that can be set to ignore the Carriage Return in line endings (presumably because many of its users use native Windows programs to edit their text files). This can be enabled for the current shell by running set -o igncr.

Setting this option applies only to the current shell process so it can be useful when sourcing files with extraneous carriage returns. If you regularly encounter shell scripts with DOS line endings and want this option to be set permanently, you could set an environment variable called SHELLOPTS (all capital letters) to include igncr. This environment variable is used by Bash to set shell options when it starts (before reading any startup files).

Useful utilities

The file utility is useful for quickly seeing which line endings are used in a text file. Here’s what it prints for for each file type:

Unix line endings: Bourne-Again shell script, ASCII text executable
Mac line endings: Bourne-Again shell script, ASCII text executable, with CR line terminators
DOS line endings: Bourne-Again shell script, ASCII text executable, with CRLF line terminators

The GNU version of the cat utility has a -v, --show-nonprinting option that displays non-printing characters.

The dos2unix utility is specifically written for converting text files between Unix, Mac and DOS line endings.

Useful links

Wikipedia has an excellent article covering the many different ways of marking the end of a line of text, the history of such encodings and how newlines are treated in different operating systems, programming languages and Internet protocols (e.g., FTP).

Files with classic Mac OS line endings

With Classic Mac OS (pre-OS X), each line was terminated with a Carriage Return (decimal 13, hex 0D in ASCII). If a script file was saved with such line endings, Bash would only see one long line like so:

#!/bin/bash^M^Mcd "src"^Mnpm install^M^Mcd ..^M./tools/nwjs-sdk-v0.17.3-osx-x64/nwjs.app/Contents/MacOS/nwjs "src" &^M

Since this single long line begins with an octothorpe (#), Bash treats the line (and the whole file) as a single comment.

Note: In 2001, Apple launched Mac OS X which was based on the BSD-derived NeXTSTEP operating system. As a result, OS X also uses Unix-style LF-only line endings and since then, text files terminated with a CR have become extremely rare. Nevertheless, I think it’s worthwhile to show how Bash would attempt to interpret such files.

Solution 2 - Bash

On JetBrains products (PyCharm, PHPStorm, IDEA, etc.), you'll need to click on CRLF/LF to toggle between the two types of line separators (\r\n and \n).

Solution 3 - Bash

If you're using the read command to read from a file (or pipe) that is (or might be) in DOS/Windows format, you can take advantage of the fact that read will trim whitespace from the beginning and ends of lines. If you tell it that carriage returns are whitespace (by adding them to the IFS variable), it'll trim them from the ends of lines.

In bash (or zsh or ksh), that means you'd replace this standard idiom:

IFS= read -r somevar    # This will not trim CR

with this:

IFS=$'\r' read -r somevar    # This *will* trim CR

(Note: the -r option isn't related to this, it's just usually a good idea to avoid mangling backslashes.)

If you're not using the IFS= prefix (e.g. because you want to split the data into fields), then you'd replace this:

read -r field1 field2 ...    # This will not trim CR

with this:

IFS=$' \t\n\r' read -r field1 field2 ...    # This *will* trim CR

If you're using a shell that doesn't support the $'...' quoting mode (e.g. dash, the default /bin/sh on some Linux distros), or your script even might be run with such a shell, then you need to get a little more complex:

cr="$(printf '\r')"
IFS="$cr" read -r somevar    # Read trimming *only* CR
IFS="$IFS$cr" read -r field1 field2 ...    # Read trimming CR and whitespace, and splitting fields

Note that normally, when you change IFS, you should put it back to normal as soon as possible to avoid weird side effects; but in all these cases, it's a prefix to the read command, so it only affects that one command and doesn't have to be reset afterward.

Solution 4 - Bash

Coming from a duplicate, if the problem is that you have files whose names contain ^M at the end, you can rename them with

for f in *$'\r'; do
    mv "$f" "${f%$'\r'}"
done

You properly want to fix whatever caused these files to have broken names in the first place (probably a script which created them should be dos2unixed and then rerun?) but sometimes this is not feasible.

The $'\r' syntax is Bash-specific; if you have a different shell, maybe you need to use some other notation. Perhaps see also https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5725296/difference-between-sh-and-bash

Solution 5 - Bash

I was trying to startup my docker container from Windows and got this:

Bash script and /bin/bash^M: bad interpreter: No such file or directory

I was using git bash and the problem was about the git config, then I just did the steps below and it worked. It will configure Git to not convert line endings on checkout:

git config --global core.autocrlf input
delete your local repository
clone it again.

Many thanks to Jason Harmon in this link: https://forums.docker.com/t/error-while-running-docker-code-in-powershell/34059/6

Before that, I tried this, that didn't works:

dos2unix scriptname.sh
sed -i -e 's/\r$//' scriptname.sh
sed -i -e 's/^M$//' scriptname.sh

Solution 6 - Bash

Since VS Code is being used, we can see CRLF or LF in the bottom right depending on what's being used and if we click on it we can change between them (LF is being used in below example):

We can also use the "Change End of Line Sequence" command from the command pallet. Whatever's easier to remember since they're functionally the same.

Solution 7 - Bash

One more way to get rid of the unwanted CR ('\r') character is to run the tr command, for example:

$ tr -d '\r' < dosScript.py > nixScript.py

Solution 8 - Bash

I ran into this issue when I use git with WSL. git has a feature where it changes the line-ending of files according to the OS you are using, on Windows it make sure the line endings are \r\n which is not compatible with Linux which uses only \n.

You can resolve this problem by adding a file name .gitattributes to your git root directory and add lines as following:

config/* text eol=lf
run.sh text eol=lf

In this example all files inside config directory will have only line-feed line ending and run.sh file as well.

Solution 9 - Bash

For Notepad++ users, this can be solved by:

Solution 10 - Bash

The simplest way on MAC / Linux - create a file using 'touch' command, open this file with VI or VIM editor, paste your code and save. This would automatically remove the windows characters.

Solution 11 - Bash

If you are using a text editor like BBEdit you can do it at the status bar. There is a selection where you can switch.

Solution 12 - Bash

For IntelliJ users, here is the solution for writing Linux script.
Use LF - Unix and masOS (\n)

Solution 13 - Bash

Scripts may call each other. An even better magic solution is to convert all scripts in the folder/subfolders:

find . -name "*.sh" -exec sed -i -e 's/\r$//' {} +

You can use dos2unix too but many servers do not have it installed by default.

Solution 14 - Bash

For the sake of completeness, I'll point out another solution which can solve this problem permanently without the need to run dos2unix all the time:

sudo ln -s /bin/bash `printf 'bash\r'`

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	thomasb	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Bash	Anthony Geoghegan	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Bash	Pedro Lobito	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Bash	Gordon Davisson	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - Bash	tripleee	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 5 - Bash	dougparnoff	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 6 - Bash	Jamie Smith	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 7 - Bash	Igor Soudakevitch	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 8 - Bash	Ido Ran	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 9 - Bash	Leandro Bardelli	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 10 - Bash	danR	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 11 - Bash	Rafael Parungao	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 12 - Bash	Muhammad Tariq	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 13 - Bash	mercury	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 14 - Bash	Natan Yellin	View Answer on Stackoverflow